The Influence of Waves on Oil Spill Behavior

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung L. Lee ◽  
D. Y. Lee ◽  
I. H. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Wind Waves ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Stokes Drift ◽  
Wavelength Modulation ◽  
Operational Model ◽  
Mild Slope Equation ◽  
Linear Waves ◽  
Non Linear

In the present study, we include the wind generated wave module to improve the prediction accuracy of oil spill behavior under the stormy sea condition. The wind waves are simulated by using a new concept of wavelength modulation to enhance broader application of hyperbolic wave model of mild-slope equation type. The Hebei Spirit oil spill movements are accounted for by including the Stokes drift due to weakly non linear waves and simulated with an efficient operational model of GUI environments.

scholarly journals Improvement of Drift Calculation in Mothy Operational Oil Spill Prediction System

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 (1) ◽  
pp. 1067-1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Daniel ◽  
Fabien Marty ◽  
Patrick Josse ◽  
Chafih Skandrani ◽  
Rachid Benshila
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Stokes Drift ◽  
Vertical Shear ◽  
Transport Modelling ◽  
Meteorological Model ◽  
Drift Model ◽  
Linear Waves ◽  
Wave Induced ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT MOTHY (Modèle Océanique de Transport d'Hydrocarbures) is a pollutant drift model, developed and operated by Météo-France. MOTHY includes hydrodynamic coastal ocean modelling and real time atmospheric forcing from a global meteorological model. Pollutants can be oil or floating objects. To improve forecasts on the Mediterranean Sea, several methods were tested to inject large scale currents (permanent part) into the MOTHY system. The best results were obtained with monthly means of currents at 5 meters (from Mercator system). The addition of altimetric corrections improved the results. In addition the impact of wave (or swell) current, which is usually neglected in such models, is investigated. The literature has surprisingly little to say on the topic of wave-driven surface oil slicks. Earlier review on oil spill transport modelling includes wave driven transport among potential advection mechanisms. The discussion of wave-induced advection (mass transport) adopts a Lagrangian framework, focusing on the analyses of Stokes and Longuet-Higgins for the vertical profile of the Lagrangian velocity beneath waves. In our work, the action of a vertical shear due to waves is accounted for by including the Stokes drift due to weakly non linear waves. We evaluate this term and compare with observations of Erika pollution incident.

scholarly journals Wave-induced mixing and transport of buoyant particles: application to the Statfjord A oil spill

Ocean Science ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 977-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Drivdal ◽  
G. Broström ◽  
K. H. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Wave Spectrum ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Stokes Drift ◽  
Ocean Turbulence ◽  
Wave Effects ◽  
Ekman Theory ◽  
Energy And Momentum ◽  
Drift Models ◽  
Wave Induced

Abstract. This study focuses on how wave–current and wave–turbulence interactions modify the transport of buoyant particles in the ocean. Here the particles can represent oil droplets, plastic particles, or plankton such as fish eggs and larvae. Using the General Ocean Turbulence Model (GOTM), modified to take surface wave effects into account, we investigate how the increased mixing by wave breaking and Stokes shear production, as well as the stronger veering by the Coriolis–Stokes force, affects the drift of the particles. The energy and momentum fluxes, as well as the Stokes drift, depend on the directional wave spectrum obtained from a wave model. As a first test, the depth and velocity scales from the model are compared with analytical solutions based on a constant eddy viscosity (i.e., classical Ekman theory). Secondly, the model is applied to a case in which we investigate the oil drift after an oil spill off the west coast of Norway in 2007. During this accident the average net drift of oil was observed to be both slower and more deflected away from the wind direction than predicted by oil-drift models. In this case, using wind and wave forcing from the ERA Interim archive it is shown that the wave effects are important for the resultant drift and have the potential to improve drift forecasting.

Wind Waves in East China Sea

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yixin Yan ◽  
Jiayun Gao ◽  
Chaofeng Tong
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Wind Waves ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Wave Parameter ◽  
Wind Condition ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Spectral Wave Model ◽  
Mild Slope Equation ◽  
Open Sea

To know more about the hydrodynamic environments either in extreme conditions or in normal conditions, numerical simulation becomes more important due to insufficient field data. For large open sea, numerical models based on momentum balanced equation as mild slope equation or Boussinesq equation seems to be impractical. The third generation spectral numerical model was used in this discussion WAVEWATCH and SWAN to forecast wave conditions. Each model itself was nested and offered boundary conditions for smaller scale computation. WAVEWATCH provided extern boundary conditions for SWAN model computations. So wave parameter of different scale could be described so to offer wave parameters for engineering concerning. At the same time, some characteristics of third generation spectral wave model were depicted. Input winds were from NCEP analyzed data and QSCAT data respectively. The comparisons of computation with these data would show the spectral model characteristics of typical dependence on the wind condition. The output of WAVEWATCH under cyclone was also discussed in the paper.

scholarly journals Wave induced mixing and transport of buoyant particles: application to the Statfjord A oil spill

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1265-1300
Author(s):  
M. Drivdal ◽  
G. Broström ◽  
K. H. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Wave Spectrum ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Stokes Drift ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Ocean Turbulence ◽  
Wave Effects ◽  
Ekman Theory ◽  
Energy And Momentum ◽  
Wave Induced

Abstract. The modelling of wave-current and wave-turbulence interactions have received much attention in recent years. In this study the focus is on how these wave effects modify the transport of particles in the ocean. Here the particles are buoyant tracers that can represent oil droplets, plastic particles or plankton, for example fish eggs and larvae. Using the General Ocean Turbulence Model (GOTM), modified to take surface wave effects into account, we investigate how the increased mixing by wave breaking and Stokes shear production as well as the stronger veering by the Coriolis–Stokes force affect the drift of the particles. The energy and momentum fluxes as well as the Stokes drift depend on the directional wave spectrum that can be obtained from a wave model or from observations. As a first test the depth and velocity scales from the model are compared with analytical solutions based on a constant eddy viscosity (e.g. classical Ekman theory). Secondly the model is applied to a case where we investigate the oil drift after an offshore oil spill outside the western coast of Norway in 2007. During this accident the average net drift of oil was observed to be both slower and more deflected away from the wind direction than predicted by empirical models. With wind and wave forcing from the ERA Interim archive, it is shown that the wave effects are important for the resultant drift in this case, and has the potential to improve drift forecasting.

The wave-current interaction in the coastal area

2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 375-405
Author(s):  
Homayoon Komijani ◽  
Jaak Monbaliu
Keyword(s):  
Wind Waves ◽  
Stress Gradient ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Stokes Drift ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Radiation Stress ◽  
Spectral Wave Model ◽  
Wave Induced

In our investigation of the effect of wind-waves on barotropic mean flow in coastal areas, we compare two methods for calculating wave-induced force. The wave field is simulated by the nearshore spectral wave model SWAN. The wave-induced force (calculated using the radiation stress gradient and dissipation methods) and the Stokes drift are integrated in the COHERENS circulation model in the depth-averaged mode. The coupled set is validated using well-known academic test cases of planar beach and single-barred beach. Finally, in a two-dimensional test case based on Belgian coastal waters we compare simulations of mean flow using the two methods of calculating waveinduced force against field data.<br/> We show clearly that the two methods for calculation of wave-induced force yield very different results even in depth-averaged mode, depending on the angle of incident wave. Simulation of waveinduced circulation using the wave dissipation approach gives better results than using the radiation stress gradient approach. This is clearly visible for strong wave conditions in which the wind is blowing almost parallel to the shore. Under these conditions, the white-capping type of wave breaking is the dominant dissipation mechanism; in the radiation stress gradient, the dissipation signal is not visible, because the energy loss in the spectrum is compensated by wind input.

Fatigue Loads on Offshore Wind Turbines Due to Weakly Non-Linear Waves

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny M. V. Trumars ◽  
Niels Jacob Tarp-Johansen ◽  
Thomas Krogh
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Turbine ◽  
Linear Wave ◽  
Support Structure ◽  
Linear Waves ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Second Peak

Due to the pronounced dynamic behavior of wind turbines, fatigue load effects may be quite sensitive to the precise modeling of the frequency content of the wave loading. As the offshore wind turbine technology progresses, larger and larger turbines will be placed at still deeper waters, causing the resonant frequency of the first eigen mode of a traditional bottom-fixed support structure to be typically in the range from 0.25 Hz to 0.35 Hz. The deeper the water and the larger the turbine, the lower the frequency will be. As an example, wave measurements from the offshore wind farm Bockstigen show a second peak at approximately 0.3 Hz in the wave spectrum. Thus this peak, or similar peaks realized at shallow water sites, may very well be dynamically amplified in the response. This second peak cannot be modelled with a linear wave model, and a wave model taking non-linearities into account has to be used. In the presented work, both a linear and a non-linear wave model are used to study the fatigue in an offshore wind power plant and the difference is compared. Time series of irregular linear and non-linear waves are calculated, and structural calculations of an offshore wind turbine with a slender support structure are used in the analysis of the fatigue loads. The forces on the structure are calculated using Morison’s equation, integrating along the structure and lumping the loads in nodes for the structural calculations. The difference between the wave models is significant and the non-linear model yields higher fatigue damage than the linear one.

Action of Non-Linear Waves at a Solid Wall

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed S. Nasser ◽  
John A. McCorquodale
Keyword(s):  
Solid Wall ◽  
Linear Waves ◽  
Non Linear

scholarly journals Hurricane Gustav (2008) Waves and Storm Surge: Hindcast, Synoptic Analysis, and Validation in Southern Louisiana

2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (8) ◽  
pp. 2488-2522 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Dietrich ◽  
J. J. Westerink ◽  
A. B. Kennedy ◽  
J. M. Smith ◽  
R. E. Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Hurricane Katrina ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Unstructured Mesh ◽  
Wind Waves ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Research Division ◽  
Time Histories ◽  
Southern Louisiana

AbstractHurricane Gustav (2008) made landfall in southern Louisiana on 1 September 2008 with its eye never closer than 75 km to New Orleans, but its waves and storm surge threatened to flood the city. Easterly tropical-storm-strength winds impacted the region east of the Mississippi River for 12–15 h, allowing for early surge to develop up to 3.5 m there and enter the river and the city’s navigation canals. During landfall, winds shifted from easterly to southerly, resulting in late surge development and propagation over more than 70 km of marshes on the river’s west bank, over more than 40 km of Caernarvon marsh on the east bank, and into Lake Pontchartrain to the north. Wind waves with estimated significant heights of 15 m developed in the deep Gulf of Mexico but were reduced in size once they reached the continental shelf. The barrier islands further dissipated the waves, and locally generated seas existed behind these effective breaking zones.The hardening and innovative deployment of gauges since Hurricane Katrina (2005) resulted in a wealth of measured data for Gustav. A total of 39 wind wave time histories, 362 water level time histories, and 82 high water marks were available to describe the event. Computational models—including a structured-mesh deepwater wave model (WAM) and a nearshore steady-state wave (STWAVE) model, as well as an unstructured-mesh “simulating waves nearshore” (SWAN) wave model and an advanced circulation (ADCIRC) model—resolve the region with unprecedented levels of detail, with an unstructured mesh spacing of 100–200 m in the wave-breaking zones and 20–50 m in the small-scale channels. Data-assimilated winds were applied using NOAA’s Hurricane Research Division Wind Analysis System (H*Wind) and Interactive Objective Kinematic Analysis (IOKA) procedures. Wave and surge computations from these models are validated comprehensively at the measurement locations ranging from the deep Gulf of Mexico and along the coast to the rivers and floodplains of southern Louisiana and are described and quantified within the context of the evolution of the storm.

scholarly journals Non-linear wave data assimilation with an ANN-type wind-wave model and Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF)

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1984-1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmadreza Zamani ◽  
Ahmadreza Azimian ◽  
Arnold Heemink ◽  
Dimitri Solomatine
Keyword(s):  
Kalman Filter ◽  
Data Assimilation ◽  
Ensemble Kalman Filter ◽  
Wind Wave ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Linear Wave ◽  
Wave Data ◽  
Non Linear

Hydrodynamic Сonditions of the Bakalskaya Spit Degradation (Western Crimea) over the Past 30 Years

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. V. Divinsky ◽  
R. D. Kosyan ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Wind Waves ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Wave Impact ◽  
Annual Variability ◽  
The Impact

Purpose. The paper is aimed at studying the morphodynamic features of the Bakalskaya Spit evolution being influenced by the sea wind waves and swell, namely assessment of inter-annual variations in the alluvial (erosion) areas of the Bakalskaya Spit coastline, analysis of inter-annual variability of the wind wave parameters, determination of the surface wave characteristics (or a combination of a few ones) responsible for the processes of the bottom material erosion or accumulation in the coastal zone. Methods and Results. Based on the analysis of satellite images for 1984–2016, the areas of the bottom material accumulation or erosion of the Bakalskaya Spit coastline were determined. Application of the spectral wave model permitted to obtain time series of the main parameters of wind waves and swell (significant wave heights and propagation directions) in the Bakalskaya Spit coastal zone with the 1 hr time resolution for the period from 1984 to 2016. The characteristics of surface waves responsible for the coastline deformation were revealed using the discriminant analysis. Conclusions. Analysis of satellite images of the spit made it possible to distinguish three periods in the history of the Bakalskaya Spit evolution: 1985–1997, 1998–2007 and 2007–2016. The first period was characterized by relative stability. The strongest erosion took place in 1998; after that the alluvial and erosion cases alternated for 10 years weakly tending to general erosion that constituted the second period. The third one that began in 2007 can be defined as the period of spit degradation accompanied by the irreversible loss of beach material. The basic parameters conditioning hydrodynamics of the Bakalskaya Spit water area are: total duration of storms; average and maximum values of significant heights of wind waves and swell. Statistical characteristics of the wind waves’ parameters are of a fairly strong inter-annual variability. According to the average and maximum indices, the wind waves directed close to the normal to the coastline (WSW and WNW) are the most developed. The applied discriminant analysis permitted to draw a statistically reliable conclusion that the direction of the final (average annual) wave impact on the coastal zone, conditioning the processes of sand accumulation or erosion was set by the waves directed to NNW, at that the swell contribution was dominant. The impact degree is conditioned by strong storms with the directions close to the normal to the coastline, namely, the WSW ones

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