Background: Most bone ultrasound devices are designed for through-transmission measurements of the calcaneus. In principle, ultrasound backscattering measurements are possible at more typical fracture sites of the central skeleton. Unfortunately, soft tissue overlying the bones diminishes reliability of these measurements. Purpose: To apply the single-transducer dual-frequency ultrasound (DFUS) technique to eliminate the errors induced by soft tissue on the measurements of integrated reflection coefficient (IRC) in human distal femur in vivo. Material and Methods: Ultrasound and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) examinations were conducted on a bodybuilder during a 21-week training and dieting period. Results: Significant changes in quantity and composition of soft tissue took place during the diet. However, DXA measurements showed no significant effects on bone density measurements. The single transducer DFUS technique enabled the determination of local soft-tissue composition, as verified by comparison with the DXA ( r=0.91, n=8, p<0.01). Further, the technique eliminated the soft-tissue-induced error from IRC measured for the bone. The uncorrected IRC associated significantly with the change in local soft-tissue composition ( r=−0.83, n=8, p<0.05), whereas the corrected IRC values showed no significant dependence ( r=−0.30, n=8, p=0.46) on local soft-tissue composition. Conclusion: The DFUS technique may significantly enhance the accuracy of clinical ultrasound measurements of bone.
Effect of multi-mode dual-frequency ultrasound pretreatment on the vacuum freeze-drying process and quality attributes of the strawberry slices