National policy on the effects of underwater noise on marine mammals and turtles

2002 ◽  
Vol 111 (5) ◽  
pp. 2396
Author(s):  
Roger L. Gentry
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Underwater Noise

The effects of underwater noise on marine mammals.

2011 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 2538-2538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Erbe
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Underwater Noise

Underwater noise and Arctic marine mammals: review and policy recommendations

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Halliday ◽  
Matthew K. Pine ◽  
Stephen J. Insley
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Auditory Masking ◽  
Underwater Noise ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Ambient Sound

Underwater noise is an important issue globally. Underwater noise can cause auditory masking, behavioural disturbance, hearing damage, and even death for marine animals. While underwater noise levels have been increasing in nonpolar regions, noise levels are thought to be much lower in the Arctic where the presence of sea ice limits anthropogenic activities. However, climate change is causing sea ice to decrease, which is allowing for increased access for noisy anthropogenic activities. Underwater noise may have more severe impacts in the Arctic compared with nonpolar regions due to a combination of lower ambient sound levels and increased sensitivity of Arctic marine animals to underwater noise. Here, we review ambient sound levels in the Arctic, as well as the reactions of Arctic and sub-Arctic marine mammals to underwater noise. We then relate what is known about underwater noise in the Arctic to policies and management solutions for underwater noise and discuss whether Arctic-specific policies are necessary.

scholarly journals A sound approach to assessing the impact of underwater noise on marine fishes and invertebrates

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 635-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony D. Hawkins ◽  
Arthur N. Popper
Keyword(s):  
Particle Motion ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Underwater Noise ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Energy Devices ◽  
The Impact

Increasing attention is being paid to the ecological consequences of underwater noise generated by human activities such as shipping and maritime industries including, but not limited to, oil and gas exploration and extraction, sonar systems, dredging and the construction of offshore renewable energy devices. There is particular concern over the extension of these activities into previously undeveloped areas of the oceans, including Polar Regions and areas of coral reef habitat. Most of the concern by regulators and others has focussed upon effects upon marine mammals and other protected species. However, examining the impacts upon the overall ecology of affected habitats is also important as it may be dominated by effects upon the far larger biomasses of fishes and invertebrates, which do not have the same degree of legal protection. Many of these assessments of the impact of noise on fishes and invertebrates have overlooked important issues, including the sensitivity of a substantial proportion of these species to particle motion rather than sound pressure. Attempts have been made to establish sound exposure criteria setting regulatory limits to the levels of noise in terms of effects upon mortality levels, injury to tissues, hearing abilities, behaviour, and physiology. However, such criteria have almost exclusively been developed for marine mammals. Criteria for fishes and invertebrates have often had to be assumed, or they have been derived from poorly designed and controlled studies. Moreover, the metrics employed to describe sounds from different sources have often been inappropriate, especially for fishes, and invertebrates, as they have been based on sound pressure rather than particle motion. In addition, the sound propagation models employed to assess the distances over which effects might occur have seldom been validated by actual measurements and are especially poor at dealing with transmission under shallow water conditions, close to or within the seabed, or at the surface. Finally, impacts on fish and invertebrate populations are often unknown and remain unassessed. This paper considers the problems of assessing the impact of noise upon fishes and invertebrates and the assessment procedures that need to be implemented to protect these animals and the marine ecosystems of which they form an integral part. The paper also suggests directions for future research and planning that, if implemented, will provide for a far better scientific and regulatory basis for dealing with effects of noise on aquatic life.

Controlled Exposure Experiments to Determine the Effects of Noise on Marine Mammals

2003 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 41-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Tyack ◽  
Jonathan Gordon ◽  
David Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Underwater Noise ◽  
Playback Experiments ◽  
Controlled Exposure ◽  
Acoustic Exposure ◽  
The Relationship

Controlled exposure experiments or CEEs are an important technique for determining the responses of animals to signals that are not part of their own communicative repertoire. CEEs are useful for establishing the relationship between acoustic dosage and behavioral response, a critical element of risk assessment, similar to dose:response studies for exposure to chemicals. CEEs share some properties with “playback” experiments; the main difference between playbacks and CEEs is that CEEs involve the careful titration of acoustic exposure to the point where specific responses are observed. Most CEEs are applied research designed to answer questions related to wildlife conservation. The utility and power of CEEs lies in providing a sensitive measure of causal relationships between behavioral responses and particular stimuli. We review design features and experimental methods for CEEs, limiting our scope for this paper to studying the effects of underwater noise on wild marine mammals.

Assessing underwater noise levels during pile-driving at an offshore windfarm and its potential effects on marine mammals

2010 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 888-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Bailey ◽  
Bridget Senior ◽  
Dave Simmons ◽  
Jan Rusin ◽  
Gordon Picken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Pile Driving ◽  
Underwater Noise ◽  
Noise Levels

scholarly journals Wind turbine underwater noise and marine mammals: implications of current knowledge and data needs

2006 ◽  
Vol 309 ◽  
pp. 279-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
PT Madsen ◽  
M Wahlberg ◽  
J Tougaard ◽  
K Lucke ◽  
P Tyack
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Underwater Noise

Assessing risk of underwater noise impact on marine mammals throughout a new methodology

2018 ◽  
Vol 144 (3) ◽  
pp. 1885-1885
Author(s):  
Marie Mauran ◽  
Florent Le Courtois ◽  
Marie Cachera ◽  
Yann Stéphan ◽  
Jérôme Spitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Underwater Noise ◽  
Noise Impact
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