scholarly journals Prevalence of Surrogate Markers of Relative Energy Deficiency in Male Norwegian Olympic-Level Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 497-506
Author(s):  
Thomas Birkedal Stenqvist ◽  
Anna Katarina Melin ◽  
Ina Garthe ◽  
Gary Slater ◽  
Gøran Paulsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Low Testosterone

The syndrome of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) includes wide-ranging effects on physiological and psychological functioning, performance, and general health. However, RED-S is understudied among male athletes at the highest performance levels. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate surrogate RED-S markers prevalence in Norwegian male Olympic-level athletes. Athletes (n = 44) aged 24.7 ± 3.8 years, body mass 81.3 ± 15.9 kg, body fat 13.7% ± 5.8%, and training volume 76.1 ± 22.9 hr/month were included. Assessed parameters included resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition, and bone mineral density by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and venous blood variables (testosterone, free triiodothyronine, cortisol, and lipids). Seven athletes (16%) grouped by the presence of low RMR (RMRratio < 0.90) (0.81 ± 0.07 vs. 1.04 ± 0.09, p < .001, effect size 2.6), also showed lower testosterone (12.9 ± 5.3 vs. 19.0 ± 5.3 nmol/L, p = .020) than in normal RMR group. In low RMRratio individuals, prevalence of other RED-S markers (—subclinical—low testosterone, low free triiodothyronine, high cortisol, and elevated low-density lipoprotein) was (N/number of markers): 2/0, 2/1, 2/2, 1/3. Low bone mineral density (z-score < −1) was found in 16% of the athletes, all with normal RMR. Subclinical low testosterone and free triiodothyronine levels were found in nine (25%) and two (5%) athletes, respectively. Subclinical high cortisol was found in 23% of athletes while 34% had elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Seven of 12 athletes with two or more RED-S markers had normal RMR. In conclusion, this study found that multiple RED-S markers also exist in male Olympic-level athletes. This highlights the importance of regular screening of male elite athletes, to ensure early detection and treatment of RED-S.

scholarly journals Comparative Efficacy and Side Effects of the Treatment of Euthyroid Goiter with Levo-Thyroxine or Triiodothyroacetic Acid

2003 ◽  
Vol 88 (11) ◽  
pp. 5287-5292 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Brenta ◽  
M. Schnitman ◽  
O. Fretes ◽  
E. Facco ◽  
M. Gurfinkel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Chronic Thyroiditis ◽  
Femoral Bone Mineral Density

Abstract Euthyroid goiter is usually treated with TSH-inhibitory doses of levo-T4 (l-T4). Because triiodothyroacetic acid (TRIAC) decreases TSH levels, the following study was perfomed: 36 euthyroid goitrous female patients (no cancer or chronic thyroiditis) were randomized to TRIAC (19.6 μg/kg) (n = 19) or l-T4 (1.7 μg/kg) (n = 17) treatment during 11 months. Goiter volume; lumbar and femoral bone mineral density; serum osteocalcin; deoxypyridinoline; TSH; free T4; total, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; and triglycerides were measured before and after the study period. Student’s t test and χ2 analysis were performed. TSH values (microunits per milliliter) in the TRIAC and l-T4 groups were: 1.91 ± 0.6 (basal) and 0.180 ± 0.1 (after) and 2.1 ± 2.5 (basal) and 0.180 ± 0.3 (after), respectively. Thyroid volume decreased 37.9 ± 35.4% in the TRIAC patients and 14.5 ± 39.5% in the l-T4 group (P = 0.069). Forty-two percent of the goiters with TRIAC reduced more than 50% their initial volume vs. 17.7% with l-T4 (P = 0.15). With TRIAC, patients experienced fewer side effects. No differences in the changes of bone mineral density, serum deoxypyridinoline, osteocalcin, or the lipid profile were observed between both groups. The present results show that TRIAC is more effective than l-T4 in the reduction of goiter size, with comparable effects on peripheral parameters.

Detection of Vascular Disease Risk in Women by Panoramic Radiography

2003 ◽  
Vol 82 (10) ◽  
pp. 838-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Taguchi ◽  
Y. Suei ◽  
M. Sanada ◽  
Y. Higashi ◽  
M. Ohtsuka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Post Menopausal ◽  
Skeletal Bone

Low bone mineral density and rapid bone loss of the skeleton are associated with mortality risk from vascular diseases in post-menopausal women. Panoramic radiographic measurements are considered as indicators of skeletal bone mineral density or bone turnover. We hypothesize that such measurements may be associated with vascular disease risk in post-menopausal women. Associations of mandibular cortical shape and width on panoramic radiographs with skeletal bone mineral density and risk factors related to vascular diseases were investigated in 87 post-menopausal women. Cortical shape was associated with skeletal bone mineral density, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, resting heart rate, and endothelial dysfunction. Cortical width was associated with skeletal bone mineral density, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein A1. Dentists may be able to refer women with increased risk of vascular diseases, as well as low bone mineral density, to medical professionals for further examination by panoramic findings.

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