scholarly journals The Effect of Maximal Speed Ability, Pacing Strategy, and Technique on the Finish Sprint of a Sprint Cross-Country Skiing Competition

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 788-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pål Haugnes ◽  
Per-Øyvind Torvik ◽  
Gertjan Ettema ◽  
Jan Kocbach ◽  
Øyvind Sandbakk
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Length ◽  
Cycle Rate ◽  
Sprint Speed ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Kinematic Pattern ◽  
Double Poling ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
Maximal Speed ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country

Purpose: To investigate the contribution from maximal speed (Vmax) and %Vmax to the finish sprint speed obtained in a cross-country sprint in the classical and skating style, as well as the coinciding changes in kinematic patterns and the effect of pacing strategy on the %Vmax. Methods: Twelve elite male cross-country skiers performed two 80-m Vmax tests on flat terrain using the classical double-poling and skating G3 techniques, followed by 4 simulated 1.4-km sprint time trials, performed with conservative (controlled start) and positive (hard start) pacing strategies in both styles with a randomized order. In all cases, these time trials were finalized by sprinting maximally over the last 80 m (the Vmax section). Results: Approximately 85% of Vmax was obtained in the finish sprint of the 1.4-km competitions, with Vmax and %Vmax contributing similarly (R2 = 51–78%) to explain the overall variance in finish sprint speed in all 4 cases (P < .05). The changes in kinematic pattern from the Vmax to the finish sprint included 11–22% reduced cycle rate in both styles (P < .01), without any changes in cycle length. A 3.6% faster finish sprint speed, explained by higher cycle rate, was found by conservative pacing in classic style (P < .001), whereas no difference was seen in skating. Conclusions: Vmax ability and %Vmax contributed similarly to explain the finish sprint speed, both in the classic and skating styles, and independent of pacing strategy. Therefore, sprint cross-country skiers should concurrently develop both these capacities and employ technical strategies where a high cycle rate can be sustained when fatigue occurs.

Double Poling Kinematics and Performance in Cross-Country Skiing

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald A. Smith ◽  
Jon B. Fewster ◽  
Steven M. Braudt
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Length ◽  
Slope Movement ◽  
Elbow Extension ◽  
Considerable Variability ◽  
Trunk Flexion ◽  
Shoulder Flexion ◽  
Double Poling ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
And Performance

Olympic skiers in the women's 30-km race were analyzed as they double poled on a moderate downhill slope. Movement patterns of 20 skiers were analyzed 10 from a top finishing group and 10 from slower finishers in the bottom third of the field. Skiers in the faster group not only were faster overall in the race but were faster as they double poled through the site (6.75 vs. 6.43 m/s). Cycle length was significantly correlated with cycle velocity (r = .81). Trunk flexion and shoulder extension during poling were similar between groups; however, considerable variability of shoulder positioning was noted for both groups of skiers. Distinct shoulder-elbow-pole positioning differences were noted among skiers. Disadvantageous positionin» of the shoulder at the beginning of poling was related to poorer pole inclination during elbow extension. While many skiers in both fast and slow groups double poled with good positioning, others would benefit from greater shoulder flexion to maximize double poling performance.

scholarly journals Performance-Determining Variables in Long-Distance Events: Should They Be Determined From a Rested State or After Prolonged Submaximal Exercise?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Dionne A. Noordhof ◽  
Sjur J. Øfsteng ◽  
Linnea Nirenberg ◽  
Daniel Hammarström ◽  
Joar Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Gross Efficiency ◽  
Double Poling ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Peak Speed

Performance-determining variables are usually measured from a rested state and not after prolonged exercise, specific to when athletes compete for the win in long-distance events. Purpose: (1) To compare cross-country skiing double-poling (DP) performance and the associated physiological and biomechanical performance-determining variables between a rested state and after prolonged exercise and (2) to investigate whether the relationship between the main performance-determining variables and DP performance is different after prolonged submaximal DP than when tested from a rested state. Methods: Male cross-country skiers (N = 26) performed a blood lactate profile test and an incremental test to exhaustion from a rested state on day 1 (D1; all using DP) and after 90-minute submaximal DP on day 2 (D2). Results: The DP performance decreased following prolonged submaximal DP (D1: peak speed = 15.33–20.75 km·h−1, median = 18.1 km·h−1; D2: peak speed = 13.68–19.77 km·h−1, median = 17.8 km·h−1; z = −3.96, P < .001, effect size r = −.77), which coincided with a reduced submaximal gross efficiency and submaximal and peak cycle length, with no significant change in peak oxygen uptake (P = .26, r = .23). The correlation coefficient between D1 cycle length at 12 km·h−1 and D2 performance is significantly smaller than the correlation coefficient between D2 cycle length at 12 km·h−1 and D2 performance (P = .033), with the same result being found for peak cycle length (P < .001). Conclusions: The reduced DP performance after prolonged submaximal DP coincided with a reduced submaximal gross efficiency and shorter peak cycle length. The results indicate that performance-determining variables could be determined after prolonged exercise to gain more valid insight into long-distance DP performance.

scholarly journals Comparison of Exclusive Double Poling to Classic Techniques of Cross-country Skiing

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 760-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS STÖGGL ◽  
OLLI OHTONEN ◽  
MASAKI TAKEDA ◽  
NAOTO MIYAMOTO ◽  
CORY SNYDER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Double Poling ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country

scholarly journals Is There an Optimal Pole Length for Double Poling in Cross Country Skiing?

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska Onasch ◽  
Anthony Killick ◽  
Walter Herzog
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Double Poling ◽  
Acute Study ◽  
Ground Contact Time ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Given

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of pole length on energy cost and kinematics in cross country double poling. Seven sub-elite male athletes were tested using pole sets of different lengths (ranging between 77% and 98% of participants’ body height). Tests were conducted on a treadmill, set to a 2% incline and an approximate racing speed. Poling forces, contact times, and oxygen uptake were measured throughout the testing. Pole length was positively correlated with ground contact time (r = .57, p < .001) and negatively correlated with poling frequency (r = −.48, p = .003). Pole length was also positively correlated with pole recovery time and propulsive impulse produced per poling cycle (r = .36, p = .031; r = .35, p = .042, respectively). Oxygen uptake and pole length were negatively correlated (r = −.51, p = .004). This acute study shows that increasing pole length for double poling in sub-elite cross country skiers under the given conditions seems to change the poling mechanics in distinct ways, resulting in a more efficient poling action by decreasing an athlete’s metabolic cost.

Kinematic, kinetic and electromyographic adaptation to speed and resistance in double poling cross country skiing

2012 ◽  
Vol 113 (6) ◽  
pp. 1385-1394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnny Nilsson ◽  
Fredrik Tinmark ◽  
Kjartan Halvorsen ◽  
Anton Arndt
Keyword(s):  
Double Poling ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country

Arm, Trunk and Leg Contributions to Double Poling Performance in Cross-Country Skiing

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S14
Author(s):  
Gerald A. Smith ◽  
Johnny Nilsson ◽  
Bent Kvamme ◽  
Jarle Ure ◽  
Frank Ingjer
Keyword(s):  
Double Poling ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country

scholarly journals Numerical optimization of pacing strategy in cross-country skiing

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 943-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sundström ◽  
Peter Carlsson ◽  
Fredrik Ståhl ◽  
Mats Tinnsten
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Optimization ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country

scholarly journals The Influence of Pole Length on Performance, O2 Cost, and Kinematics in Double Poling

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Losnegard ◽  
Håvard Myklebust ◽  
Øyvind Skattebo ◽  
Hans Kristian Stadheim ◽  
Øyvind Sandbakk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Vertical Range ◽  
Double Poling ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Identical Test

Purpose:In the double-poling (DP) cross-country-skiing technique, propulsive forces are transferred solely through the poles. The aim of the current study was to investigate how pole length influences DP performance, O2 cost, and kinematics during treadmill roller skiing.Methods:Nine male competitive cross-country skiers (24 ± 3 y, 180 ± 5 cm, 72 ± 5 kg, VO2max running 76 ± 6 mL · kg–1 · min–1) completed 2 identical test protocols using self-selected (84% ± 1% of body height) and long poles (self-selected + 7.5 cm; 88% ± 1% of body height) in a counterbalanced fashion. Each test protocol included a 5-min warm-up (2.5 m/s; 2.5°) and three 5-min submaximal sessions (3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 m/s; 2.5°) for assessment of O2 cost, followed by a selfpaced 1000-m time trial (~3 min, >5.0 m/s; 2.5°). Temporal patterns and kinematics were assessed using accelerometers and 2D video.Results:Long poles reduced 1000-m time (mean ± 90% confidence interval; –1.0% ± 0.7%, P = .054) and submaximal O2 cost (–2.7% ± 1.0%, P = .002) compared with self-selected poles. The center-of-mass (CoM) vertical range of displacement tended to be smaller for long than for self-selected poles (23.3 ± 3.0 vs 24.3 ± 3.0 cm, P = .07). Cycle and reposition time did not differ between pole lengths at any speeds tested, whereas poling time tended to be shorter for self-selected than for long poles at the lower speeds (≤3.5 m/s, P ≤ .10) but not at the higher speeds (≥4.0 m/s, P ≥ .23).Conclusions:DP 1000-m time, submaximal O2 cost, and CoM vertical range of displacement were reduced in competitive cross-country skiers using poles 7.5 cm longer than self-selected ones.

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