Errors in Measuring Glenohumeral Arthrokinematics With 2-Dimensional Fluoroscopy

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Meena Makhija ◽  
Jasobanta Sethi ◽  
Chitra Kataria ◽  
Harpreet Singh ◽  
Paula M. Ludewig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Error ◽  
Humeral Head ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Optical Distortion ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
Standard Error Of Measurement ◽  
Scapular Plane ◽  
Error Of Measurement

Two-dimensional fluoroscopic imaging allows measurement of small magnitude humeral head translations that are prone to errors due to optical distortion, out-of-plane imaging, repeated manual identification of landmarks, and magnification. This article presents results from in vivo and in vitro fluoroscopy-based experiments that measure the errors and variability in estimating the humeral head translated position in true scapular plane and axillary views. The errors were expressed as bias and accuracy. The variability with repeated digitization was calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the standard error of measurement. Optical distortion caused underestimation of linear distances. The accuracy was 0.11 and 0.43 mm for in vitro and in vivo experiments, respectively, for optical distortion. The intrarater reliability was excellent for both views (ICC = .94 and .93), and interrater reliability was excellent (ICC = .95) for true scapular view but moderate (ICC = .74) for axillary views. The standard error of measurement ranged from 0.27 to 0.58 mm. The accuracy for the humeral head position in 10° out of true scapular plane images ranged from 0.80 to 0.87 mm. The current study quantifies the magnitude of error. The results suggest that suitable measures could be incorporated to minimize errors and variability for the measurement of glenohumeral parameters.

Assessment of Knee Laxity Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly R. Holcomb ◽  
Cheryl A. Skaggs ◽  
Teddy W. Worrell ◽  
Mark DeCarlo ◽  
K. Donald Shelbourne
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Knee Laxity ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Kt 1000 ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Standard Error Of Measurement ◽  
Error Of Measurement

A paucity of information exists concerning reliability of the KT-1000 knee arthrometer (MEDmetric Corp., San Diego, CA) when used by different clinicians to assess the same anterior cruciate ligament-deficient patient. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and standard error of measurement of four clinicians who routinely report KT-1000 arthrometer values to referring orthopedic surgeons. Two physical therapists and two athletic trainers performed anterior laxity tests using the KT-1000 on 19 subjects. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM) were used to determine reliability. Intratester ICC ranged from .98 to 1.0 and intratesterSEMranged from 0.0 to .28 mm. Intertester ICC andSEMfor all four testers were .53 and 1.2 mm, respectively. A 95% confidence interval (M ± 1.96 ×SEM) of the intertester variability ranged from −0.18 to 4.52 mm. Therefore, large intertester variation existed in KT-1000 values. Each facility should standardize testing procedures and establish intratester and intertester reliability for all clinicians reporting KT-1000 values.

scholarly journals Measurement of Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction: A Multicenter Intertester Reliability Study

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (12) ◽  
pp. 1134-1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet K Freburger ◽  
Daniel L Riddle
Keyword(s):  
Standard Error ◽  
Sacroiliac Joint ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Kappa Coefficient ◽  
Outpatient Clinics ◽  
Reliability Study ◽  
Kappa Value ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Standard Error Of Measurement ◽  
Error Of Measurement

Abstract Background and Purpose. Previous research suggests that visual estimates of sacroiliac joint (SIJ) alignment are unreliable. The purpose of this study was to determine whether handheld calipers and an inclinometer could be used to obtain reliable measurements of SIJ alignment in subjects suspected of having SIJ dysfunction. Subjects. Seventy-three subjects, evaluated at 1 of 5 outpatient clinics, participated in the study. Methods. A total of 23 therapists, randomly paired for each subject, served as examiners. The angle of inclination of each innominate was measured while the subject was standing. The position of the innominates relative to each other was then derived. An intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the standard error of measurement (SEM), and a kappa coefficient were calculated to examine the reliability of the derived measurements. Results. The ICC was .27, the SEM was 5.4 degrees, and the kappa value was .18. Conclusion and Discussion. Measurements of SIJ alignment were unreliable. Therapists should consider procedures other than those that assess SIJ alignment when evaluating the SIJ.

scholarly journals Upper-Extremity Volume Measurements in Women With Lymphedema: A Comparison of Measurements Obtained Via Water Displacement With Geometrically Determined Volume

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (12) ◽  
pp. 1201-1212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoinette P Sander ◽  
Nicole M Hajer ◽  
Kristie Hemenway ◽  
Amy C Miller
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Water Displacement ◽  
Volume Measurements ◽  
Water Volumes ◽  
Standard Error Of Measurement ◽  
Error Of Measurement

Abstract Background and Purpose. Upper-extremity (UE) swelling following breast cancer treatment is a frequent manifestation of lymphedema. In order to document outcomes from lymphedema treatments, reliable, valid, and practical measurements of UE swelling are necessary. The purpose of this study was to compare geometric methods of determining UE volumes with water displacement methods. Subjects. The edematous hand, forearm, and upper arm of 50 women with UE swelling secondary to lymphedema were measured. Methods. Upper-extremity volumes were determined by water displacement using arm and hand volumeters. Displaced water was weighed to determine volume. Circumferential girth measurements were taken. Width and depth measurements of the hand were taken with a tension-controlled caliper. Geometric volume formulas for a cylinder, frustum, rectangular solid, and trapezoidal solid were used to calculate volumes of the arm and hand at different measurement intervals. Results. Intraclass correlation coefficients [2,1] for interrater and intrarater reliability of all water and geometric measurements of the arm and hand were .91 to .99 and .92 to .99, respectively. Water displacement correlated with geometric measurements in the arm (r=.97–.98) and in the hand (r=.81–.91). The limits of agreement (LOA) indicated that water and geometric measurements of arm volume differed by 479 to 655 mL. Scatterplots of the LOA data indicated in that geometric volumes were either larger or smaller than water volumes. The smallest standard error of measurement for the arm measurements was for the 6-cm frustum method at 115 mL; for the hand measurements, the smallest standard error of measurement was for the frustum method at 16 mL. Discussion and Conclusion. Volume of an edematous UE calculated by geometric formulas correlated strongly with volume determined by water displacement. Although strongly correlated, the measurements obtained by the 2 methods did not agree.

Intrarater and Interrater Reliability of First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Dorsiflexion

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 290-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela M. Jones ◽  
Sarah A. Curran
Keyword(s):  
Standard Error ◽  
Interrater Reliability ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Metatarsophalangeal Joint ◽  
Visual Estimation ◽  
First Metatarsophalangeal Joint ◽  
Real Size ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Standard Error Of Measurement ◽  
Error Of Measurement

Background: Visual estimation (VE) and goniometric measurement (GM) are commonly used to assess first metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion. The purposes of this study were to determine the intrarater and interrater reliability of VE and GM and to establish whether reliability was influenced by the experience of the examiner. Methods: Ten experienced and ten inexperienced examiners evaluated three real-size photographs of a first metatarsophalangeal joint positioned in various degrees of dorsiflexion on two separate occasions. Results: Experienced examiners demonstrated excellent intrarater and interrater reliability for GM (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC], >0.953; standard error of measurement [SEM], 1.8°–2.5°) compared with inexperienced examiners, who showed fair-to-good intrarater and interrater reliability (ICC, 0.322–0.597; SEM, 2.0°–3.0°). For VE, inexperienced examiners demonstrated fair-to-good interrater and excellent intra-rater reliability (ICC, 0.666–0.808), which was higher compared with experienced examiners (ICC, 0.167–0.672). The SEM (2.8°–4.4°) was less varied than that of experienced examiners (SEM, 3.8°–6.4°) for VE, but neither group’s SEMs were clinically acceptable. Conclusions: Although minimal differences between intrarater and interrater reliability of GM and VE are noted, this study suggests that GM is more reliable than VE is when used by experienced examiners. These findings support the continued use of GM for first metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion assessment. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 102(4): 290–298, 2012)

Assessing Reliability and Precision of Measurement: An Introduction to Intraclass Correlation and Standard Error of Measurement

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig R. Denegar ◽  
Donald W. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Variance Estimates ◽  
Standard Error Of Measurement ◽  
Error Of Measurement

The reliability and precision of measurement in sports medicine are of concern in both research and clinical practice. The validity of conclusions drawn from a research project and the rationale for decisions made about the care of an injured athlete are directly related to the precision of measurement. Through analysis of variance, estimates of reliability and precision of measurement can be quantified. The purpose of this manuscript is to introduce the concepts of intraclass correlation as an estimate of reliability and standard error of measurement as an estimate of precision. The need for a standardized set of formulas for intraclass correlation is demonstrated, and it is urged that the standard error of measurement be included when estimates of reliability are reported. In addition, three examples are provided to illustrate important concepts and familiarize the reader with the process of calculating these estimates of reliability and precision of measurement.

scholarly journals Short version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21: is it valid for Brazilian adolescents?

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 486-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hítalo Andrade da Silva ◽  
◽  
Muana Hiandra Pereira dos Passos ◽  
Valéria Mayaly Alves de Oliveira ◽  
Aline Cabral Palmeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Short Version ◽  
Detectable Change ◽  
Depression Anxiety Stress Scale ◽  
Stress Scale ◽  
Minimum Detectable Change ◽  
Standard Error Of Measurement ◽  
Error Of Measurement

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the interday reproducibility, agreement and validity of the construct of short version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 applied to adolescents. Methods The sample consisted of adolescents of both sexes, aged between 10 and 19 years, who were recruited from schools and sports centers. The validity of the construct was performed by exploratory factor analysis, and reliability was calculated for each construct using the intraclass correlation coefficient, standard error of measurement and the minimum detectable change. Results The factor analysis combining the items corresponding to anxiety and stress in a single factor, and depression in a second factor, showed a better match of all 21 items, with higher factor loadings in their respective constructs. The reproducibility values for depression were intraclass correlation coefficient with 0.86, standard error of measurement with 0.80, and minimum detectable change with 2.22; and, for anxiety/stress: intraclass correlation coefficient with 0.82, standard error of measurement with 1.80, and minimum detectable change with 4.99. Conclusion The short version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 showed excellent values of reliability, and strong internal consistency. The two-factor model with condensation of the constructs anxiety and stress in a single factor was the most acceptable for the adolescent population.

scholarly journals The Isometric Horizontal Push Test: Test–Retest Reliability and Validation Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Dello Iacono ◽  
Stephanie Valentin ◽  
Mark Sanderson ◽  
Israel Halperin
Keyword(s):  
Strain Gauge ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Peak Force ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Standard Error Of Measurement ◽  
Error Of Measurement

Purpose: To investigate the test–retest reliability and criterion validity of the isometric horizontal push test (IHPT), a newly designed test that selectively measures the horizontal component of maximal isometric force. Methods: Twenty-four active males with ≥3 years of resistance training experience performed 2 testing sessions of the IHPT, separated by 3 to 4 days of rest. In each session, subjects performed 3 maximal trials of the IHPT with 3 minutes of rest between them. The peak force outputs were collected simultaneously using a strain gauge and the criterion equipment consisting of a floor-embedded force plate. Results: The test–retest reliability of peak force values was nearly perfect (intraclass correlation coefficient = ∼.99). Bland–Altman analysis showed excellent agreement between days with nearly no bias for strain gauge 1.2 N (95% confidence interval [CI], −3 to 6 N) and force plate 0.8 N (95% CI, −4 to 6 N). A nearly perfect correlation was observed between the strain gauge and force plate (r = .98, P < .001), with a small bias of 8 N (95% CI, 1.2 to 15 N) in favor of the force plate. The sensitivity of the IHPT was also good, with smallest worthwhile change greater than standard error of measurement for both the strain gauge (smallest worthwhile change: 29 N; standard error of measurement: 17 N; 95% CI, 14 to 20 N) and the force plate (smallest worthwhile change: 29 N; standard error of measurement: 18 N; 95% CI, 14 to 19 N) devices. Conclusions: The high degree of validity, reliability, and sensitivity of the IHPT, coupled with its affordability, portability, ease of use, and time efficacy, point to the potential of the test for assessment and monitoring purposes.

scholarly journals App-based versus standard 6MWT in pulmonary hypertension: pilot study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Salvi ◽  
Emma Poffley ◽  
Lionel Tarassenko ◽  
Elizabeth Orchard
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Oximetry ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Pulmonary Vasculature ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Standard Error Of Measurement ◽  
Error Of Measurement

BACKGROUND Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a chronic disease of the pulmonary vasculature that can lead to heart failure and premature death. Assessment of patients with PAH includes performing a six-minute walk test (6MWT) in clinics. We developed a smartphone app to compute the walked distance (6MWD) indoor, by counting U-turns, and outdoor, by using satellite positioning. OBJECTIVE To assess a) accuracy of the indoor 6MWT in clinical settings, b) validity and test-retest reliability of outdoor 6MWT in the community, c) compliance, usability and acceptance of the app and d) feasibility of pulse oximetry during 6MWT. METHODS We tested the app on 30 PAH patients over 6 months. Patients were asked to perform 3 conventional 6MWT in clinic while using the app in the indoor mode and to perform one or more app-based 6MWT in outdoor mode in the community per month. RESULTS Bland-Altman analysis of 70 pairs of conventional vs app-based indoor 6MWD suggests that the app is seldom inaccurate (14.6 m mean difference, lower and upper limit of agreement: -133.35 m, 162.55 m). The comparison of 69 pairs of conventional 6MWD and community-based outdoor 6MWD within 7 days shows that community tests are strongly related to those performed in clinic (correlation: 0.89, standard error of measurement: 33.03 m). Analysis of 89 pairs of outdoor tests performed by the same patient within 7 days shows that community-based tests are repeatable (intraclass correlation 0.93, standard error of measurement: 26.03 m). Questionnaires and semistructured interviews indicate that the app is usable and well-accepted, but motivation to use it could be affected if the data is not used for clinical decision, which may explain low compliance in 52% of our cohort. Analysis of pulse oximetry data indicates that conventional pulse oximeters are unreliable if used during a walk. CONCLUSIONS App-based outdoor 6MWT in community settings is valid, repeatable and well accepted by patients. More studies would be needed to assess the benefits of using the app in clinical practice.

Reliability of Stress Radiography for Evaluation of Posterior Knee Laxity

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 502-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin S. Schulz ◽  
Kai Russe ◽  
Georgios Lampakis ◽  
Michael J. Strobel
Keyword(s):  
Posterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Measurement Method ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Stress Radiography ◽  
Change In Mean ◽  
Standard Error Of Measurement ◽  
Error Of Measurement

Background Although stress radiography has been recommended for quantifying posterior tibial displacement in knees with posterior cruciate ligament insufficiency, the intratester reliability and intertester reliability of this measurement method have not been evaluated. Hypothesis Stress radiography is a reproducible measurement method in the assessment of posterior knee laxity in patients with posterior cruciate ligament lesions. Study Design Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods Stress radiographs of 787 patients with suspected posterior cruciate ligament lesions taken using the Telos device were evaluated independently by 3 testers: 2 of the testers were clinically experienced in the evaluation of stress radiographs, and 1 tester was a novice tester. Change in mean, standard error of measurement with calculated confidence intervals, and intraclass correlation coefficients were determined to assess intratester and intertester reliability. Results There was no significant intratester change in mean. Intratester standard error of measurement was 1.03 mm; 95% confidence intervals were ±2.02 mm for a single measurement and ±2.86 mm for a change in measurement. The intratester intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.95. Intertester reliability revealed a significant change in mean between the experienced testers and the novice tester (P <. 001). There was no substantial difference for the standard error of measurement of each tester. The mean intertester standard error of measurement was 1.41 mm; 95% confidence intervals were ±2.77 mm for a single measurement and ±3.91 mm for a change in measurement. The intertester intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.91. Conclusion Stress radiography was found to be a measurement method with a useful reliability for evaluation of posterior laxity in patients with posterior cruciate ligament lesions. The reproducibility of stress radiography may be influenced by multiple variables, and standardized methods are needed to minimize measurement error.

scholarly journals Test–Retest Reliability of the Total Motion Release® Scale

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Emilie N. Miley ◽  
Ashley J. Reeves ◽  
Madeline P. Casanova ◽  
Nickolai J.P. Martonick ◽  
Jayme Baker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Standard Error Of Measurement ◽  
Error Of Measurement

Context: Total Motion Release® (TMR®) is a novel treatment paradigm used to restore asymmetries in the body (eg, pain, tightness, limited range of motion). Six primary movements, known as the Fab 6, are performed by the patient and scored using a 0 to 100 scale. Clinicians currently utilize the TMR® scale to modify treatment, assess patient progress, and measure treatment effectiveness; however, the reliability of the TMR® scale has not been determined. It is imperative to assess scale reliability and establish minimal detectable change (MDC) values to guide clinical practice. Objective: To assess the reliability of the TMR® scale and establish MDC values for each motion in healthy individuals in a group setting. Design: Retrospective analysis of group TMR® assessments. Setting: University classroom. Participants: A convenience sample of 61 students (23 males and 38 females; 25.48 [5.73] y), with (n = 31) and without (n = 30) previous exposure to TMR®. Intervention: The TMR® Fab 6 movements were tested at 2 time points, 2 hours apart. A clinician with previous training in TMR® led participant groups through both sessions while participants recorded individual motion scores using the 0 to 100 TMR® scale. Test–retest reliability was calculated using an intraclass correlation coefficient (2,1) for inexperienced, experienced, and combined student groups. Standard error of measurement and MDC values were also assessed for each intraclass correlation coefficient. Outcome Measure: Self-reported scores on the TMR® scale. Results: Test–retest reliability ranged from 0.57 to 0.95 across the Fab 6 movements, standard error of measurement values ranged from 4.85 to 11.77, and MDC values ranged from 13.45 to 32.62. Conclusion: The results indicate moderate to excellent reliability across the Fab 6 movements and a range of MDC values. Although this study is the first step in assessing the reliability of the TMR® scale for clinical practice, caution is warranted until further research is completed to establish reliability and MDC values of the TMR® scale in various settings to better guide patient care.

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