Concussion History and Time Since Concussion Do not Influence Static and Dynamic Balance in Collegiate Athletes

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 518-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D. Merritt ◽  
Cathleen N. Brown ◽  
Robin M. Queen ◽  
Kathy J. Simpson ◽  
Julianne D. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Scoring System ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Balance Performance ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
History Of ◽  
Balance Deficits ◽  
Balance Error Scoring System ◽  
Balance Error

Context:Dynamic balance deficits exist following a concussion, sometimes years after injury. However, clinicians lack practical tools for assessing dynamic balance.Objectives:To determine if there are significant differences in static and dynamic balance performance between individuals with and without a history of concussion.Design:Cross sectional.Setting:Clinical research laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:45 collegiate student-athletes with a history of concussion (23 males, 22 females; age = 20.0 ± 1.4 y; height = 175.8 ± 11.6 cm; mass = 76.4 ± 19.2 kg) and 45 matched controls with no history of concussion (23 males, 22 females; age = 20.0 ± 1.3 y; height = 178.8 ± 13.2 cm; mass = 75.7 ± 18.2 kg).Interventions:Participants completed a static (Balance Error Scoring System) and dynamic (Y Balance Test-Lower Quarter) balance assessment.Main Outcome Measures:A composite score was calculated from the mean normalized Y Balance Test-Lower Quarter reach distances. Firm, foam, and overall errors were counted during the Balance Error Scoring System by a single reliable rater. One-way ANOVAs were used to compare balance performance between groups. Pearson’s correlations were performed to determine the relationship between the time since the most recent concussion and balance performance. A Bonferonni adjusted a priori α < 0.025 was used for all analyses.Results:Static and dynamic balance performance did not significantly differ between groups. No significant correlation was found between the time since the most recent concussion and balance performance.Conclusions:Collegiate athletes with a history of concussion do not present with static or dynamic balance deficits when measured using clinical assessments. More research is needed to determine whether the Y Balance Test-Lower Quarter is sensitive to acute balance deficits following concussion.

scholarly journals Assessment of Static and Dynamic Balance in Swimmers

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 202-210
Author(s):  
Kunal Varma ◽  
Priyanka Gokhale
Keyword(s):  
Scoring System ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Relative Distance ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Star Excursion Balance Test ◽  
Balance Error Scoring System ◽  
Balance Error ◽  
Competitive Swimmers

Background: Swimming can be defined as an activity in which a person practices a regulated Olympic sport in order to move as fast as possible through the water due to the propulsive forces generated by arm, leg, and body movements overcoming the resistance of water. Swimming is performed in either a supine or prone position with a bilaterally-symmetric motion and is influenced by buoyancy. In other words, it is nearly unaffected by gravity and requires the same muscle exertion of both the right and left extremities. Balance is considered to be an important component of motor performance tasks. It is controlled by the central nervous system with the help of input from the visual, tactile, proprioceptive and vestibular systems (5) Balance can be defined as a condition during which the body's center-of-gravity (COG) is maintained within its base of support (BOS). Methodology: In this study, 50 Competitive swimmers were included. 36 Male and 14 Female, with a mean age, height and weight of 22.68 years, 175.56 cm and 70.94 kg respectively. Each had a swimming career more than 5 years, Training at least 5 days a week for 2 hours or more with an average of 10.12 years, 5.54 days a week for 2.68 hour training sessions. Static Balance was assessed using Balance Error Scoring System where the subjects were asked to stand with their eyes closed for 20 seconds in 6 Different Positions and the number of errors made were noted. Dynamic Balance was assessed using Star Excursion Balance Test were, a Star was marked on the ground to have 8 directions. The subject stood in the center of the star and had to reach as far as they could in each direction. This distance from the middle to the point of contact of their toe was noted and relative distance was calculated using Limb Length. The Results of both the test was compared with the normal data present. Result: The result of the test done to evaluate static balance; BESS showed that out of 50 participants 19 had superior balance, 18 had above average balance and 13 had broadly normal balance and the errors on the firm surface and soft surface had a mean and standard deviation of 2 ± 1.12 and 4.1±1.31 respectively. On the other hand, the test done to evaluate dynamic balance; SEBT showed that in each direction on an average the swimmer could reach 119.21±8.39 % relative distance in each direction. Conclusion: Different tests were conducted in the study to understand if competitive swimmers are somehow weak in terms of static and dynamic balance. The entire study is based on the effectiveness of maintaining and enhancing the static and dynamic stability among the swimmers. This study concludes that competitive swimmers have Superior Static and Dynamic Balance because of strong core muscles used to keep their body streamlined during swimming and good flexibility and neuromuscular feedback. Key words: Balance, Swimmers, Star Excursion Balance test (SEBT), Balance Error Scoring System (BESS).

Negative Effects on Postural Control After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction as Measured by the Balance Error Scoring System

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mason D. Smith ◽  
David R. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Postural Control ◽  
Acl Reconstruction ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Scoring System ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Balance Deficits ◽  
Balance Error Scoring System ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Balance Error

Context:Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is the standard of care for individuals with ACL rupture. Balance deficits have been observed in patients with ACL reconstruction (ACLR) using advanced posturography, which is the current gold standard. It is unclear if postural-control deficits exist when assessed by the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), which is a clinical assessment of balance.Objective:The purpose of this study is to determine if postural-control deficits are present in individuals with ACLR as measured by the BESS.Participants:Thirty participants were included in this study. Fifteen had a history of unilateral ACLR and were compared with 15 matched controls.Interventions:The BESS consists of 3 stances (double-limb, single-limb, and tandem) on 2 surfaces (firm and foam). Participants begin in each stance with hands on their hips and eyes closed while trying to stand as still as possible for 20 s.Main Outcome Measures:Each participant performed 3 trials of each stance (18 total), and errors were assessed during each trial and summed to create a total score.Results:We observed a significant group × stance interaction (P = .004) and a significant main effect for stance (P < .001). Post hoc analysis revealed that the ACLR group had worse balance on the single-leg foam stance than did controls. Finally, the reconstructed group had more errors when total BESS score was examined (P = .02).Conclusions:Balance deficits exist in individuals with ACLR as measured by the BESS. Total BESS score was different between groups. The only condition that differed between groups was the single-leg stance on the unstable foam surface.

Comparing Computer-Derived and Human-Observed Scores for the Balance Error Scoring System

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaclyn B. Caccese ◽  
Thomas W. Kaminski
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Scoring System ◽  
Postural Stability ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Interclass Correlation ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Balance Error Scoring System ◽  
Balance Error

Context:The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) is the current standard for assessing postural stability in concussed athletes on the sideline. However, research has questioned the objectivity and validity of the BESS, suggesting that while certain subcategories of the BESS have sufficient reliability to be used in evaluation of postural stability, the total score is not reliable, demonstrating limited interrater and intrarater reliability. Recently, a computerized BESS test was developed to automate scoring.Objective:To compare computerderived BESS scores with those taken from 3 trained human scorers.Design:Interrater reliability study.Setting:Athletic training room.Patients:NCAA Division I student athletes (53 male, 58 female; 19 ± 2 y, 168 ± 41 cm, 69 ± 4 kg).Interventions:Subjects were asked to perform the BESS while standing on the Tekscan (Boston, MA) MobileMat® BESS. The MobileMat BESS software displayed an error score at the end of each trial. Simultaneously, errors were recorded by 3 separate examiners. Errors were counted using the standard BESS scoring criteria.Main Outcome Measures:The number of BESS errors was computed for the 6 stances from the software and each of the 3 human scorers. Interclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to compare errors for each stance scored by the MobileMat BESS software with each of 3 raters individually. The ICC values were converted to Fisher Z scores, averaged, and converted back into ICC values.Results:The double-leg, single-leg, and tandem-firm stances resulted in good agreement with human scorers (ICC = .999, .731, and .648). All foam stances resulted in fair agreement.Conclusions:Our results suggest that the MobileMat BESS is suitable for identifying BESS errors involving each of the 6 stances of the BESS protocol. Because the MobileMat BESS scores consistently and reliably, this system can be used with confidence by clinicians as an effective alternative to scoring the BESS.

scholarly journals P124: A new in-skates balance error scoring system for the sideline assessment of concussion in hockey players

CJEM ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (S1) ◽  
pp. S100-S101
Author(s):  
A. Robert ◽  
M. Moroz ◽  
D. Var ◽  
J. Correa ◽  
S. Delaney
Keyword(s):  
Scoring System ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Balance Error Scoring System ◽  
Balance Error

Introduction: During a hockey game, athletes who are suspected of having sustained a concussion are removed from the game and evaluated. The modified balance error scoring system (MBESS) assessment, an essential part of the concussion evaluation, is performed in the dressing room, barefoot on a hard surface after equipment removal. While, players that pass the concussion assessment may re-dress and return to play, the equipment removal and re-dressing delays their return into the game. The objective of our study was to develop and evaluate a new in-skates balance error scoring system (SBESS) to reduce the delay in returning to the game. Methods: A prospective randomized single blinded study was conducted with 80 healthy university hockey players split into two groups. An at-rest group performed the SBESS assessment at rest on two separate occasions. A post-exercise group performed the test once at rest and once after exercise. The SBESS consisted of performing 4 different stances for 20 seconds each without equipment removal. The assessments were video recorded, and 3 independent reviewers scored the videos. For both the at-rest and post-exercise groups, the primary outcome measured was the number of balance errors. The secondary outcome was the number of falls. Statistics: For the primary outcome, both inter-rater and intra-rater reliability were calculated. The concordance between the SBESS and the currently used baseline pre-season balance score (MBESS) was also assessed. Results: The number of cumulative balance errors for all four stances varied between 4 and 7 for both groups without any significant exercise effect. No athletes fell. For inter-rater reliability, the intra-class correlation (ICC) was above 0.86, ranging from 0.86-0.92 for most stances except for the easiest stance, for which it was 0.66. For intra-rater reliability, the ICC ranged from 0.88 to 1 for all stances and raters. There was a lack of concordance between the SBESS and MBESS. Conclusion: The SBESS is a reliable balance test that can be safely performed in healthy athletes wearing their full equipment. The next step will be to evaluate the use of this test on concussed hockey athletes

The effect of fatiguing exercise on balance performance as measured by the balance error scoring system

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurtekin Erkmen ◽  
Halil Taşkın ◽  
Turgut Kaplan ◽  
Ahmet Sanioǧlu
Keyword(s):  
Scoring System ◽  
Balance Performance ◽  
Fatiguing Exercise ◽  
Balance Error Scoring System ◽  
Balance Error

Comparison of Static and Dynamic Balance in Male Football and Basketball Players

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzin Halabchi ◽  
Ladan Abbasian ◽  
Maryam Mirshahi ◽  
Reza Mazaheri ◽  
Mohammad Hosein Pourgharib Shahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Sprain ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Surface Group ◽  
Balance Performance ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group 2

Introduction. The aim of the present study was to compare static and dynamic balance among professional athletes in football and basketball. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, 47 professional, male football and basketball players from Pro League in Iran participated. They were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 included 16 participants with history of grade 1 or 2 single ankle sprain within the past 6 months. Group 2 included 17 participants with recurrent ankle sprain. Group 3 included 14 participants without history of ankle sprain. Static and dynamic balance were measured by the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) and modified Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), respectively. Results. For the single-leg stance on a firm surface, group 2 scored errors with a high mean value of 3.94 compared with the other 2 groups, and the difference was statistically significant (P = .03). Significant differences in BESS scores are observed on both surfaces across the tandem limb between groups 2 and 3. Conclusion. The measures from the SEBTs may not reflect the balance performance especially in well-trained athletes who have a better balance when performing sport-related skills. However, BESS includes static postures, and it may reflect postural deficits better than dynamic tests in the more experienced athlete. Level of Evidence: Diagnostic, Level IV

Correlation Between The Y-balance Test, Weight-bearing Lunge Test, And Balance Error Scoring System Limb Symmetries

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 432
Author(s):  
Cameron Powden ◽  
Johanna Hoch ◽  
Emily Hartley ◽  
Lauren Welsch ◽  
Matthew Hoch
Keyword(s):  
Scoring System ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Balance Error Scoring System ◽  
Balance Error
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