Structural Variables That Offer Explanatory Power for the Underrepresentation of Women Coaches Since Title IX: The Case of Homologous Reproduction

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Marie Stangl ◽  
Mary Jo Kane
Keyword(s):  
Title Ix ◽  
Athletic Directors ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Women Coaches ◽  
Head Coach ◽  
Athletic Director ◽  
Structural Variables ◽  
Homologous Reproduction ◽  
Underrepresentation Of Women

The dramatic decline of women coaches since Title IX has been well documented. This investigation examined how homologous reproduction has influenced the proportion of female to male head coaches within the historical context of Title IX. Homologous reproduction is a process whereby dominants reproduce themselves based on social and/or physical characteristics. Therefore the employment relationship between sex of athletic director and sex of head coach was considered. The sample included 937 public high schools for three Title IX time periods. Analysis of variance procedures indicated significant main effects for sex of athletic director and Title IX timeframe: Significantly more women were hired under female versus male athletic directors. However, there was also a significantly smaller proportion of female coaches in 1981-82 and 1988-89 compared to 1974-75. This latter pattern occurred under both female and male athletic directors. Findings are discussed in terms of analyzing employment practices toward females as manifestations of hegemony.

“Good Old Boys” and “Good Old Girls” Clubs: Myth or Reality?

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy J. Lovett ◽  
Carla D. Lowry
Keyword(s):  
Title Ix ◽  
Athletic Directors ◽  
Women Coaches ◽  
Head Coaches ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Female Head ◽  
Dramatic Decline ◽  
Homologous Reproduction ◽  
Administrative Structures ◽  
Old Boys Network

Two reasons given for the dramatic decline in the percentage of women coaches since the passage of Title IX have been the effectiveness of the “good old boys” network and the lack or ineffectiveness of the “good old girls” network. With homologous reproduction used as a theoretical basis for these networks, 1,106 public secondary schools were surveyed to determine their administrative structures based on the sex of the principals and the athletic directors. Two types of administrative structures were identified with four models under each type. The numbers of male and female head coaches in the girls' athletics program under each administrative structure were determined and analyzed for independence. Significant differences were found between the different administrative models and the gender of the head coaches. Findings are discussed in terms of the prevailing administrative structures and the representation of females in coaching as a result of the dominant group reproducing itself.

scholarly journals Strategies of resistance and empowerment of portuguese women coaches in sports

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmila Mourão ◽  
Paula Silva ◽  
Silvana Vilodre Goellner ◽  
Paula Botelho Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Team Sports ◽  
Women In Leadership ◽  
Male Dominance ◽  
Women Coaches ◽  
Head Coach ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Underrepresentation Of Women ◽  
Women In Sports

The participation of women in sports is the subject of analysis of several studies that continuously evidence inequality and asymmetry in relation to men in the different spheres of activity within this field. The objective of this study is to comprehend male hegemony as coaches and how it is accepted and/or contested in the sports environment by identifying attitudes that incorporate this male dominance or that contradict and resist it. The sample of this study is composed of interviews with 37 Portuguese female coaches in both individual and team sports. The results indicate that the presence of women in leadership positions in sports, such as of head coach, does not ensure in itself an objection to male hegemony. It becomes necessary that women incorporate the concept of “agency” in order to identify and implement strategies that resist and consequently change the patriarchal structures that perpetuate the underrepresentation of women in coaching sports.

Coach Evaluation From Three Perspectives: An Athletic Director, a Coach and a Consultant

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Gillham ◽  
Keith Hansen ◽  
Connor Brady
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Athletic Directors ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
College Level ◽  
International Level ◽  
Athletic Director ◽  
Stakeholder Views ◽  
Number Of Factors

Coaches are evaluated and judged on a large number of factors (Gillham, Burton, & Gillham, 2013). The purpose of this paper is to describe the views of three different professionals on coach evaluation. An athletic director and a coach from different Canadian colleges and a coaching consultant responded to the same series of questions regarding coach evaluation at the college level. Across the three professionals, the views expressed are more similar than dissimilar, with each professional emphasizing a different piece of the coach evaluation process. The information presented aligns both with coaching standards in the United States and at the International level. Stakeholder views are compared with the coaching science literature and recommendations for athletic directors and coaching scientists are provided.

scholarly journals Historical Context of Behavioral Economics

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-03
Author(s):  
Tansif Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Psychology And Economics ◽  
Broad Level

Behavioral economics, at broad level, superimpose many areas including Psychology and Economics. Behavioral economics by all means enhances the explanatory power of Economics as it provides it with a firm and more rational psychological basis. During the previous 20 years, many studies have explored different aspects of behavioral economics leading to introduction of the respective principles that pertain to human behavior. This article intends to provide an introduction to behavioral economics in its historical context. It also investigates the gaps that lie in the broad spectrum of behavioral economics.

scholarly journals What Do Pennsylvania Voters Think about Gender and Women’s Representation?

Commonwealth ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Niebler ◽  
A. Lanethea Mathews-Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Vote Choice ◽  
Women's Representation ◽  
Electoral Outcomes ◽  
Women’S Representation ◽  
American Elections ◽  
Underrepresentation Of Women ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data

Despite ongoing interest in the role of gender in American elections, highlighted most recently by Hillary Clinton’s historic bid for the presidency in 2016 and the 2018 “Year of the Woman” elections, recent studies have shown that gender alone is not enough to explain voter behavior. This is especially true in an increasingly ideologically polarized landscape in which party and ideology retain significant explanatory power regarding electoral outcomes. The saliency of gender identity and gender issues may also vary across time and context. Moreover, voters may not have full information about the underrepresentation of women or of the consequences of gender imbalances in elective institutions, raising uncertainty about whether women’s representation in politics matters to voters. In this article, using data from a unique exit poll, we examine the extent to which knowledge about women’s representation and perceptions about gender and women’s issues mattered to Pennsylvanians’ vote choice in the 2016 and 2018 elections. We find that neither gender nor party alone can explain men’s and women’s political behavior, but rather that gender and party interact in complex ways. Although party continues to be the best predictor of vote choice, gender matters to how voters understand and explain women’s underrepresentation in politics—a finding that has important implications for furthering gender equality in politics in the future.

The socially effective leader: Exploring the relationship between athletic director political skill and coach commitment and job satisfaction

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Matthew Robinson ◽  
Mar Magnusen ◽  
Jun W Kim
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Political Skill ◽  
The United States ◽  
Leader Effectiveness ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Head Coach ◽  
Athletic Director

Previous sport management research has demonstrated the positive relationship between political skill and personal career outcomes, but research addressing the question of how leader social effectiveness (i.e. political skill) influences the commitment and satisfaction of subordinates is lacking. This study sought to determine if leader (athletic director) political skill influences subordinate (head coach) evaluations of leader effectiveness, in turn influencing subordinate job satisfaction and commitment. Surveys were completed by interscholastic athletic directors ( n = 250) and representative subsets of head coaches ( n = 806) in the United States. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. Political skill was shown to have a positive impact on evaluations of leader effectiveness. Leader effectiveness also acts as a mediator between political skill and employee job satisfaction and affective organizational commitment. Thus, political skill appears to be an important contributor to subordinate perceptions of leadership effectiveness, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment.

Social structure, social coalitions and party choice in Hungary

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oddbjørn Knutsen
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Church Attendance ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Socialist Party ◽  
Party Choice ◽  
Structural Variables ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Party Support ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the relationship between social structure and party choice in Hungary on the basis of a survey from 2009 (N = 2980). The following structural variables are examined: ascriptive variables (age and gender), territorial variables (region and urban-rural residence), social class variables (education, social class and household income), sector employment and religious variables (religious denomination, church attendance and self-declared religiosity). The analysis shows that age and territorial variables are the most important sociostructural variables for explaining party support in Hungary. The role of religious and class variables is considerably smaller in this respect. The two largest parties, Fidesz and the Socialist Party, are first and foremost anchored in different generations and in territorial variables although different degrees of religiosity also has significant effect on support for these parties. The impact of the religious variables is, however, low. The class variables have the opposite impact on the two largest parties from what we should expect according to traditional class voting. Fidesz gets strongest support from the working class and the lower educated strata while the Socialist Party gets strongest support from the service class. The two largest parties are foremost social coalitions of very different social groups. The explanatory power of social structure on party choice is low in Hungary. This is also confirmed from comparative studies.

La historificación de la lingüística histórica

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 175-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
José del Valle
Keyword(s):  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Centrifugal Forces ◽  
Liberal Democracies ◽  
Dialectal Variation ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
History Of ◽  
Linguistic Approach ◽  
Original Interpretation ◽  
Ideological Context

Summary The main tenet of this article is that Spanish philologist Ramón Menéndez Pidal’s (1869–1968) theoretical approach to the history of the language, as developed in his Manual de gramática histórica española (1904) and in Orígenes del español (1926), was a result not only of a highly original interpretation of the linguistic theories available to him and a need to improve their explanatory power, but also from an interplay between this theory and the ideological context from which it emerged. This ideological context, which I maintain is critical for the understanding of the full implications of Menéndez Pidal’s linguistic approach, has been assumed by traditional historiography to be outside the scope of linguistics. It is claimed here that the Spanish philologist’s scholarly accomplishments, justly praised by his disciples and hispanists in general, did not occur in a social vacuum, but were instead well entrenched in a specific intellectual, social, and historical context. Menéndez Pidal lived and worked in a period in which Spain, like other 19th-century liberal democracies, was building its identity as a nation-state. In this period, the construction of the Spanish nation was threatened by centrifugal forces (e.g., the articulation of Basque, Catalan, and Galician nationalisms) that challenged Spain’s unitary political and cultural identity. It is precisely against the backdrop of this socio-political landscape that Menéndez Pidal’s use of the neogrammarian model of convergence in the Manual, his scrupulous philological examination of old documents in Orígenes is interpreted – which, for him, offered proof of Castile’s destiny as the leading force in the history of Spain, including his integrative reworking of the phonetic law converting it into a means by which to perceive the unity underlying dialectal variation.

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