Viruses mobilize plant immunity to deter nonvector insect herbivores

A parasite-infected host may promote performance of associated insect vectors; but possible parasite effects on nonvector insects have been largely unexplored. Here, we show that Begomovirus, the largest genus of plant viruses and transmitted exclusively by whitefly, reprogram plant immunity to promote the fitness of the vector and suppress performance of nonvector insects (i.e., cotton bollworm and aphid). Infected plants accumulated begomoviral βC1 proteins in the phloem where they were bound to the plant transcription factor WRKY20. This viral hijacking of WRKY20 spatiotemporally redeployed plant chemical immunity within the leaf and had the asymmetrical benefiting effects on the begomoviruses and its whitefly vectors while negatively affecting two nonvector competitors. This type of interaction between a parasite and two types of herbivores, i.e., vectors and nonvectors, occurs widely in various natural and agricultural ecosystems; thus, our results have broad implications for the ecological significance of parasite-vector-host tripartite interactions.

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Interactions of insect vectors with plants in relation to transmission of plant viruses

Proceedings Animal Sciences ◽

10.1007/bf03186254 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 93 (4) ◽

pp. 349-357 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

S Mukhopadyay

Keyword(s):

Plant Viruses ◽

Insect Vectors

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Factors Determining Transmission of Persistent Viruses by Bemisia tabaci and Emergence of New Virus–Vector Relationships

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13091808 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 1808

Author(s):

Saptarshi Ghosh ◽

Murad Ghanim

Keyword(s):

Bemisia Tabaci ◽

Plant Viruses ◽

Tomato Yellow Leaf ◽

Tissue Tropism ◽

Insect Vectors ◽

Virus Species ◽

Yellow Leaf ◽

Virus Diseases ◽

Persistent Viruses ◽

Leaf Curl Virus

Many plant viruses depend on insect vectors for their transmission and dissemination. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most important virus vectors, transmitting more than four hundred virus species, the majority belonging to begomoviruses (Geminiviridae), with their ssDNA genomes. Begomoviruses are transmitted by B. tabaci in a persistent, circulative manner, during which the virus breaches barriers in the digestive, hemolymph, and salivary systems, and interacts with insect proteins along the transmission pathway. These interactions and the tissue tropism in the vector body determine the efficiency and specificity of the transmission. This review describes the mechanisms involved in circulative begomovirus transmission by B. tabaci, focusing on the most studied virus in this regard, namely the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and its closely related isolates. Additionally, the review aims at drawing attention to the recent knowhow of unorthodox virus—B. tabaci interactions. The recent knowledge of whitefly-mediated transmission of two recombinant poleroviruses (Luteoviridae), a virus group with an ssRNA genome and known to be strictly transmitted with aphids, is discussed with its broader context in the emergence of new whitefly-driven virus diseases.

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Identification of Autophagy-Related Genes in the Potato Psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli and Their Expression Profile in Response to ‘Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum’ in the Gut

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12121073 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 1073

Author(s):

Xiao-Tian Tang ◽

Cecilia Tamborindeguy

Keyword(s):

Expression Profile ◽

Profile Analysis ◽

Plant Viruses ◽

Insect Vectors ◽

Potato Psyllid ◽

Bactericera Cockerelli ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum ◽

Expression Profile Analysis ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter

Autophagy, also known as type II programmed cell death, is a cellular mechanism of “self-eating”. Autophagy plays an important role against pathogen infection in numerous organisms. Recently, it has been demonstrated that autophagy can be activated and even manipulated by plant viruses to facilitate their transmission within insect vectors. However, little is known about the role of autophagy in the interactions of insect vectors with plant bacterial pathogens. ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso) is a phloem-limited Gram-negative bacterium that infects crops worldwide. Two Lso haplotypes, LsoA and LsoB, are transmitted by the potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli and cause damaging diseases in solanaceous plants (e.g., zebra chip in potatoes). Both LsoA and LsoB are transmitted by the potato psyllid in a persistent circulative manner: they colonize and replicate within psyllid tissues. Following acquisition, the gut is the first organ Lso encounters and could be a barrier for transmission. In this study, we annotated autophagy-related genes (ATGs) from the potato psyllid transcriptome and evaluated their expression in response to Lso infection at the gut interface. In total, 19 ATGs belonging to 17 different families were identified. The comprehensive expression profile analysis revealed that the majority of the ATGs were regulated in the psyllid gut following the exposure or infection to each Lso haplotype, LsoA and LsoB, suggesting a potential role of autophagy in response to Lso at the psyllid gut interface.

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Studies on the transmission of sugar-beet yellows virus by the aphis, Myzus persicae (Sulz.)

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.1940.0025 ◽

1940 ◽

Vol 128 (853) ◽

pp. 535-552 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Myzus Persicae ◽

Plant Viruses ◽

Insect Vectors ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Persistent Viruses ◽

Beet Yellows Virus ◽

The Relationship

Previous studies on the relationship between plant viruses and their insect vectors have been carried out which viruses which are easily mechanically transmissible and whose vectors lose their infectivity within a few hours of removal from the source of infection. This type of virus has been called (Watson and Roberts 1939) non-persistent , for it was observed that the property in which viruses of this type resemble each other, and differ from those viruses whose vectors retain their infectivity for long periods, namely, the persistent viruses. It seems that these differences must lie in the nature of the viruses themselves, for viruses of both types can be transmitted by the same vector. Sugar-beet yellows virus (Petherbridge and Stirrup 1935) seems to be a member of the persistent class, for its vector, Myzus persicae , the same insect as was used in previous work on non-persistent viruses (Watson 1936, 1938; Watson and Roberts 1939), remains infective for several days after removal from the source of infection (Roland 1939). Also it is not transmissible mechanically by any of the usual methods (Quanjer 1934, 1936). The present paper, therefore, describes some studies on the vector-virus relationships of this virus by the methods which have been used previously only on the non-persistent types.

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Investigations of the mechanism of the transmission of plant viruses by insect vectors III. The insect’s saliva

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.1939.0038 ◽

1939 ◽

Vol 127 (849) ◽

pp. 526-543 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Keyword(s):

Direct Evidence ◽

Virus Transmission ◽

Plant Viruses ◽

Convincing Evidence ◽

Transmission Characteristic ◽

Insect Vectors ◽

Leaf Hopper

For the type of virus transmission characteristic of leaf hopper vectors, there is convincing evidence that the virus passes through the insect's body. The manner in which it emerges from the insect and comes to be inoculated into a plant is much less certainly known. It has generally been assumed that the saliva is the vehicle of the inoculation. For this assumption there is even now little direct evidence. I now describe observations on the excretion of saliva by a leafhopper and attempts to demonstrate experimentally in this saliva the virus of which this insect is a specific vector.

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Interactions Between Insect Vectors and Propagative Plant Viruses

Management of Insect Pests to Agriculture ◽

10.1007/978-3-319-24049-7_6 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 133-180 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Karen Barandoc-Alviar ◽

Ismael E. Badillo-Vargas ◽

Anna E. Whitfield

Keyword(s):

Plant Viruses ◽

Insect Vectors

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Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Affects Plant Immunity to Viral Infection and Accumulation

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v11060534 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 534 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Zhipeng Hao ◽

Wei Xie ◽

Baodong Chen

Keyword(s):

Viral Infection ◽

Plant Immunity ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Plant Viruses ◽

Limiting Factors ◽

Systemic Resistance ◽

Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽

Complex Nature ◽

Terrestrial Plants

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, as root symbionts of most terrestrial plants, improve plant growth and fitness. In addition to the improved plant nutritional status, the physiological changes that trigger metabolic changes in the root via AM fungi can also increase the host ability to overcome biotic and abiotic stresses. Plant viruses are one of the important limiting factors for the commercial cultivation of various crops. The effect of AM fungi on viral infection is variable, and considerable attention is focused on shoot virus infection. This review provides an overview of the potential of AM fungi as bioprotection agents against viral diseases and emphasizes the complex nature of plant–fungus–virus interactions. Several mechanisms, including modulated plant tolerance, manipulation of induced systemic resistance (ISR), and altered vector pressure are involved in such interactions. We propose that using “omics” tools will provide detailed insights into the complex mechanisms underlying mycorrhizal-mediated plant immunity.

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