scholarly journals A psychological stressor conveyed by appetite-linked neurons

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. eaay5366
Author(s):  
Eun Jeong Lee ◽  
Naresh K. Hanchate ◽  
Kunio Kondoh ◽  
Ai Phuong S. Tong ◽  
Donghui Kuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Physical Restraint ◽  
Predator Odor ◽  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Hormone Response ◽  
Receptor Ligands ◽  
Appetite Suppression ◽  
Cognate Receptor ◽  
Psychological Stressor

Mammals exhibit instinctive reactions to danger critical to survival, including surges in blood stress hormones. Hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons (CRHNs) control stress hormones but how diverse stressors converge on CRHNs is poorly understood. We used sRNA profiling to define CRHN receptors for neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and then viral tracing to localize subsets of upstream neurons expressing cognate receptor ligands. Unexpectedly, one subset comprised POMC (proopiomelanocortin)–expressing neurons in the arcuate nucleus, which are linked to appetite suppression. The POMC neurons were activated by one psychological stressor, physical restraint, but not another, a predator odor. Chemogenetic activation of POMC neurons induced a stress hormone response, mimicking a stressor. Moreover, their silencing markedly reduced the stress hormone response to physical restraint, but not predator odor. These findings indicate that POMC neurons involved in appetite suppression also play a major role in the stress hormone response to a specific type of psychological stressor.

scholarly journals Effects of intraoperative hypothermia on stress hormon response in surgical patients

2021 ◽  
pp. 64-64
Author(s):  
Snjezana Zeba ◽  
Maja Surbatovic ◽  
Sonja Marjanovic
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Surgical Stress ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Hormone Response ◽  
Oesophageal Temperature ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Forced Air Warming ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Forced Air

Background/Aim. Surgical stress itself, as well as hypothermia induced by general anaesthesia, and low ambient temperature activate stress hormone response with changes in catecholamines and counter regulatory hormones. The aim of this study is to investigate the acute hormone stress response in patients who underwent major surgical procedures and the efficiency of external and internal warming methods in alleviation of these changes. Methods. 60 patients who underwent major open abdominal surgical procedures were randomly divided in 4 groups: control non-warmed (C), externally warmed using forced-air warming mattress (W), internally warmed using intravenous amino acids (A), and warmed with combination of external and internal method (A+W). Oesophageal temperature was used as measure of core temperature. Blood samples for hormone measurement were obtained in 2 time points for catecholamines: 90 minutes before and 120 minutes after finishing the surgery; and in additional 2 time points for cortisol, prolactin and testosterone: (24 and 48 hours after surgery). Results. In W and A+W group the temperatures did not significantly differ between time points, but in C and A groups decreased constantly, with statistically significant difference between the anaesthesia induction and 120th minute (35,61?0,42 vs 33,86?0,71 ?C; p<0,000 and 35,81?0,54 vs 34,45?0,41 ?C; p<0,000 , respectively). Catecholamine concentrations in all groups showed significant increase during surgery, with highest values recorded in non-warmed group (777,07?800,08 after vs 106,13?89,63 pg/mL before surgery for epinephrine and 1349,67?984,16 vs 580,53?465,38 for norepinephrine, p<0,000). Concentrations of cortisol and prolactine also showed significant increase at the same time point, with tendency to normalization after 48 hours. Contrary, testosterone concentrations showed decrease after 120 minutes without normalization throughout the entire period of observation. Except for testosterone, changes in all stress hormones were attenuated in warmed groups compared to controls. Conclusions. Regarding both features of surgical stress investigated in this study (hypothermia and stress hormone response), combination of endogenous amino acid-induced hermogenesis and external air warming mattress is most effective.

scholarly journals Odor Blocking Of Stress

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Jeong Lee ◽  
Luis R. Saraiva ◽  
Naresh K. Hanchate ◽  
Xiaolan Ye ◽  
Gregory Asher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Physical Restraint ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Bed Nucleus ◽  
Hormone Responses ◽  
Stress Signals ◽  
Social Confrontation ◽  
Odor Signals

ABSTRACTScents have been employed for millennia to allay fear and stress, but whether they do so is poorly understood. In response to fear and stress, hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone neurons (CRHNs) induce increases in blood stress hormones. Here, we find that certain structurally and perceptually dissimilar odorants can block mouse stress hormone responses to three potent stressors: physical restraint, predator odor, and male-male social confrontation. Both odorants activate GABAergic inhibitory neurons presynaptic to CRHNs in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMH). Stimulation of those neurons inhibits restraint-induced activation of CRHNs and stress hormone increase, mimicking a blocking odorant. Conversely, their silencing prevents odorant blocking of both responses. Notably, we also observed odor blocking of stressor activation in neurons presynaptic to CRHNs in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Together, these findings indicate that selected odorants can indeed block stress responses, and that odor blocking can occur via two routes: a direct route in which blocking odor signals directly inhibit CRHNs and an indirect route in which they inhibit stressor activation of neurons presynaptic to CRHNs and prevent them from transmitting stress signals to CRHNs.

scholarly journals The influence of stress hormones and aggression on cooperative behaviour in subordinate meerkats

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1863) ◽  
pp. 20171248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Dantzer ◽  
Ines Braga Goncalves ◽  
Helen C. Spence-Jones ◽  
Nigel C. Bennett ◽  
Michael Heistermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Cooperative Behaviour ◽  
Food Provisioning ◽  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Suricata Suricatta

In cooperative breeders, aggression from dominant breeders directed at subordinates may raise subordinate stress hormone (glucocorticoid) concentrations. This may benefit dominants by suppressing subordinate reproduction but it is uncertain whether aggression from dominants can elevate subordinate cooperative behaviour, or how resulting changes in subordinate glucocorticoid concentrations affect their cooperative behaviour. We show here that the effects of manipulating glucocorticoid concentrations in wild meerkats ( Suricata suricatta ) on cooperative behaviour varied between cooperative activities as well as between the sexes. Subordinates of both sexes treated with a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist (mifepristone) exhibited significantly more pup protection behaviour (babysitting) compared to those treated with glucocorticoids (cortisol) or controls. Females treated with mifepristone had a higher probability of exhibiting pup food provisioning (pup-feeding) compared to those treated with cortisol. In males, there were no treatment effects on the probability of pup-feeding, but those treated with cortisol gave a higher proportion of the food they found to pups than those treated with mifepristone. Using 19 years of behavioural data, we also show that dominant females did not increase the frequency with which they directed aggression at subordinates at times when the need for assistance was highest. Our results suggest that it is unlikely that dominant females manipulate the cooperative behaviour of subordinates through the effects of aggression on their glucocorticoid levels and that the function of aggression directed at subordinates is probably to reduce the probability they will breed.

A Randomized Pilot Study of Rhythm-Based Music with Movement Strategies on Stress and Interaction Behaviors of Infant Caregivers

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
Kamile Geist ◽  
Peggy Zoccola ◽  
Nathan Andary ◽  
Eugene Geist ◽  
Godwin Dogbey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Parental Stress ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Movement Strategies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Interaction Behaviors

Consistent, prolonged, and nurturing interactions of a primary caregiver with an infant is necessary for optimal development of the infant. Lowering parental stress can promote positive caregiver-infant social interaction behaviors. Studies show that when caregivers use rhythm-based music and movement strategies during interactions with their infants, non-verbal communication, mutual attunement, and self-reported stress levels improve. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine caregiver benefits (stress hormones and positive interaction behaviors) when learning rhythm-based music with movement strategies while interacting with their infant. This was achieved through randomization of caregiver/infant dyads to a treatment (instructional intervention) or control condition with no instruction. Significantly lower salivary cortisol levels and lower salivary cortisol/DHEA ratio values pre-post were observed for the treatment condition as compared to control. These findings suggest that learning and using rhythm-based music and movement interventions are promising for lowering stress in caregivers. The impact of the intervention with families at risk due to stress-related environmental factors should be further investigated. In addition, observing social emotional behaviors and stress hormone levels of the infant is suggested.

Different Modulation of the Perioperative Stress Hormone Response Under Neurolept-Anaesthesia or Enflurane for Cholecystectomy

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (04) ◽  
pp. 178-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Bickel ◽  
C. Wiegand-Löhnert ◽  
J. Fleischmann ◽  
G. Heinemeyer ◽  
H. Kewitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Hormone Response ◽  
Perioperative Stress

scholarly journals Sex × Gender and Sexual Orientation in Relation to Stress Hormones and Allostatic Load

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 247028971986255
Author(s):  
Robert-Paul Juster
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Allostatic Load ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Gender Medicine ◽  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Related Disease ◽  
Biological Variable ◽  
Wear And Tear ◽  
Clinical Considerations

In this selective review, emerging literature linking biological sex, sociocultural gender, and sexual orientation to stress hormone functioning and multisystemic physiological dysregulations are summarized. Beyond sex as a binary biological variable, continuums of sex hormones, gender roles, gender identity, and sexual orientation each uniquely help delineate pathways and mechanisms linked to stress-related disease trajectories. This implicates glucocorticoid functioning and allostatic load, the “wear and tear” of chronic stress in synergy with unhealthy behaviors. Clinical considerations are also discussed for the field of gender medicine.

Stress Hormone Response during and after Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

1992 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 662-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl H. Lindner ◽  
Hans U. Strohmenger ◽  
Hermann Ensinger ◽  
Wulf D. Hetzel ◽  
Friedrich W. Ahnefeld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Hormone Response

Systemic Stress Hormone Response in Patients Undergoing Open Heart Surgery With or Without Cardiopulmonary Bypass

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 2179-2186 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Raschid Hoda ◽  
Habib El-Achkar ◽  
Edgar Schmitz ◽  
Thomas Scheffold ◽  
Herbert O. Vetter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Heart Surgery ◽  
Open Heart Surgery ◽  
Open Heart ◽  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Hormone Response ◽  
Systemic Stress

Lessons Learnt from post-release monitoring of oiled-penguins: New Zealand C/V Rena

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (1) ◽  
pp. 2996-3010
Author(s):  
B. Louise Chilvers ◽  
Kerri J. Morgan ◽  
Phil Battley ◽  
Karin A. Sievwright
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Diving Behaviour ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Hormone Response ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Rehabilitation Process

Abstract The value of rehabilitating oiled wildlife is an on-going global debate. On October 5, 2011, the cargo vessel C/V Rena grounded on Astrolabe Reef, New Zealand (NZ), spilling over 300 tonnes of heavy fuel oil. As part of the Rena oil spill response, 383 little blue penguins (LBP, Eudyptula minor) were captured, cleaned, rehabilitated and released back into a cleaned environment. Over the last four years, since the C/V Rena spill, we have undertaken survival, diving behaviour, diet and stress hormone response research on these and non-rehabilitated LBPs from the spill area to assess the success of the rehabilitation process, determine what lessons could still be learnt and to help determine if the environment has returned back to its natural state. Findings from this research showed that the survival was reduced for both rehabilitated and non-rehabilitated groups in the first six months following the spill and clean-up process however, the survival probabilities of both groups increased thereafter and remained high and stable over a two year period directly after the spill. The foraging behaviour and diet studies showed there were no foraging behaviour differences between rehabilitated and non-rehabilitated LBPs and the overall diving behaviour of these LBPs were similar, if not less energetic, than other LBPs in NZ, indicating that the environment appeared to have also returned to pre-oiling state. Concurrently, the stress hormone response study showed no differences between groups, suggesting the rehabilitation process for LBP did not affect their long term physiological responses to humans, meaning no habituation or excessively stress caused by humans over the long term. Together these results suggest the rehabilitation process and clean-up undertaken after the C/V Rena appears effective and helps validate the rehabilitation of oiled wildlife.

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