TYPOLOGY OF SOCIAL CONFRONTATION IN THE IDIOMATIC IMAGE OF MILITARY LIFE

Постановка задачи. В статье рассматриваются способы организации плана выражения фразеологизмов на материале военного жаргона, используемого в вооруженных силах США. Отнесение социолексем к разряду фразеологических сочетаний языка автор объясняет с опорой на общеизвестные признаки фразеологизма - устойчивость, образность, идиоматичность, воспроизводимость. Автор говорит о возможности классификации фразеологизмов указанной группы в социокультурном ключе, а именно: выделение темы скрытого противоборства представителей военного ремесла и связанной с ней закономерности в построении образа фразеологизма. Результаты. Установлено, что фразеологизмы военной тематики транслируют тему межличностного противоборства между представителями армейской профессии. Доказано, что образ фразеологизмов, созданный на основе военного жаргона, содержит символико-социальную референцию к фактам армейского бытия и формирует карикатурное представление о тех или иных представителях рода войск. Выводы. Исследование показало возможность более детально рассмотреть социальную составлявшую плана выражения фразеологизма военной тематики, отметить важную роль представителей узкопрофессиональной сферы в иерархизации свойственных им коммуникативно-поведенческих стратегий. Statement of the problem. The article discusses the ways of organizing the figurative basis of phraseological units based on the material of military jargon used in the US armed forces. The author explains the attribution of sociolexemes to the category of phraseological combinations of language based on the constitutional features of phraseology - stability, imagery, idiomaticity, reproducibility (in this case, the military environment). The author speaks about the possibility of classifying the phraseological units of this group in a socio-cultural way, namely: highlighting the topic of latent (to a greater extent, imaginary) confrontation between representatives of the military craft and the associated regularity in the construction of the image of phraseology. Results. It is established that the phraseological units of military subjects clearly convey the theme of interpersonal confrontation between representatives of the army profession. It is proved that the image of phraseological units, created on the basis of military jargon, contains a symbolic, mythological, social reference to the facts of life and forms a caricature representation of certain representatives of the armed forces. Conclusions. The study showed an opportunity to examine in more detail the social component of the figurative basis of idiom-jargon, to note the important role of representatives of the narrow professional sphere in the hierarchy of their characteristic communicative and behavioral strategies.

7 Behavioral Indicators of Post-weaning Stress Susceptibility in Cross-fostered Pigs

Cross-fostering is a common swine husbandry practice; however, little research has focused on the effects of foster stress on piglets post-weaning. This study evaluated the effect of cross-fostering on behavioral indicators of post-weaning stress susceptibility. Litters (n = 40) were allocated to 1 of 2 treatments: control (CON) and foster. Three piglets (FOS) from each CON litter were randomly selected and moved to a foster litter 12–24 h post-farrowing, where they were nursed along resident (RES) piglets until weaning (approximately 18 d of age). At 21- and 28-d post-weaning, a male and female piglet from each treatment (FOS, RES, CON) underwent 1 of 2 behavior tests: social isolation and social confrontation. Both tests were conducted in an isolated 1.22 × 1.22 m novel pen. For social isolation, escape attempts, movement between floor quadrants (i.e. locomotion), defecation, and urination events were counted. For social confrontation, the latency to first aggressive interaction and the number of aggressive interactions were quantified. All data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS. The CON piglets moved between quadrants more frequently than RES piglets (P = 0.02), while FOS piglets moved between quadrants intermediate to (but not different from) CON and RES piglets (P = 0.44 and 0.12, respectively). Females moved between quadrants more frequently than males (P < 0.0001). The latency to first aggressive interaction was shorter in FOS piglets compared to CON piglets (P = 0.048). There was a treatment by sex interaction (P < 0.01) for number of aggressive interactions, with CON and RES females having more aggressive interactions than their male counterparts (P = 0.04 for both) while FOS females had fewer aggressive interactions than FOS males (P = 0.007). No additional differences were detected (all P > 0.05). Overall, these results provide little evidence that FOS piglets exhibit an increase in behavioral stress susceptibility post-weaning. However, future work should expand upon and clarify the social confrontation findings.

LANDFILLS VOLUME INCREASE WITH REINFORCED SOIL EMBANKMENTS: BASIC THEORY AND CASE STUDIES

The construction of controlled landfills, either for municipal or industrial wastes, is currently acknowledged worldwide as a 'social need". Indeed, today one of the main societal issues is the identification of an optimal means of disposing of the huge quantities of urban and industrial waste produced on a daily basis by individuals and factories. The task of environmental engineers is to design landfill systems capable to prevent any pollution to the water, the air, and the surrounding fauna and human life. In densely populated countries, the first problem to be solved is the location of the landfill. This social confrontation often leads to locate the landfill not in most geologically and geotechnically suited site, but in marginal areas which finally satisfy all the fighting communities. More and more geosynthetics are used to solve the problems associated with landfills located in marginal areas. The use of geogrids to construct steep reinforced embankments with the aim to increase the volume of wastes that can be disposed and at the same time to increase the stability of the wastes themselves, is getting more and more diffused. The paper describes the use of geosynthetics reinforced soil structures to increase the landfill volume with reinforced soil embankments. Some examples of structures already constructed, either for industrial or municipal wastes landfills, are described.

Odor Blocking Of Stress

ABSTRACTScents have been employed for millennia to allay fear and stress, but whether they do so is poorly understood. In response to fear and stress, hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone neurons (CRHNs) induce increases in blood stress hormones. Here, we find that certain structurally and perceptually dissimilar odorants can block mouse stress hormone responses to three potent stressors: physical restraint, predator odor, and male-male social confrontation. Both odorants activate GABAergic inhibitory neurons presynaptic to CRHNs in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMH). Stimulation of those neurons inhibits restraint-induced activation of CRHNs and stress hormone increase, mimicking a blocking odorant. Conversely, their silencing prevents odorant blocking of both responses. Notably, we also observed odor blocking of stressor activation in neurons presynaptic to CRHNs in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Together, these findings indicate that selected odorants can indeed block stress responses, and that odor blocking can occur via two routes: a direct route in which blocking odor signals directly inhibit CRHNs and an indirect route in which they inhibit stressor activation of neurons presynaptic to CRHNs and prevent them from transmitting stress signals to CRHNs.

Social touch increases dominant gaze in social confrontations

Positive effects of touch have been shown on the psychological and physiological level, with touch for example protecting us against the negative consequences of stress. Social touch however also induces feelings of security and willingness to take risks, characteristics of socially dominant behavior. The current study (N=24, female) investigates the effect of social touch on speed of gaze-aversion from eye-contact, an implicit marker of dominance-submissive behavior. Using interactive eye-tracking we show that social touch slows down gaze-aversion from subliminally presented angry compared to happy eye-contact. Recently, we reported slower gaze-aversion from subliminally presented facial anger in subjects with high levels of social dominance and low levels of social anxiety. The present results thus provide evidence that social touch induces gaze behaviors characteristic for high social dominance and low social anxiety. By slowing down gaze-aversion to facial anger social touch promotes the implicit-reactive behavioral tendency to engage in social confrontation.

Discussion on the Nature of the Principles of Law (Legal Principles) in the Context of Convergence of Legal Systems

Based on the analysis of the approaches contained in the domestic and foreign literature, the correlation of the principles of law and legal principles is analyzed. The problems of using methodological tools for scientific knowledge of these concepts are highlighted, and the criteria for their correlation are considered. The author shares the researchers’ viewpoint about the identity of legal principles and principles of law. The author’s definition of the principles of law (legal principles) is formulated. It is pointed out that the position contained in the literature on the identity of the principles of law (legal principles) and requirements is debatable. The principles of law (legal principles) are considered in the context of their identification as sources (forms) of law. The libertarian approach to understanding the principles of law (legal principles) is analyzed, and the thesis is formulated that it does not exhaust all the diversity of the value dimension of law. The author substantiates the non-adaptability of the positivist approach to the interpretation of the principles of law (legal principles) to the common law family states. The dualism inherent in the principles of law (legal principles) is emphasized, which is manifested in the qualities of universality and locality. In this perspective, the author highlights the problem of increasing influence of religious regulators of social behavior, which can inspire the development and expansion of dissonance between the principles of law based on secular and religious law. It is indicated that intensive immigration from clerical (theocratic) states exacerbates the problem of harmonization of the principles of law in the implementation of contacts between civilizations of different orientations and levels of development. The author shows tendencies of formation of national-cultural and religious enclaves within which "own principles of law" are applied, which produces the development of parallel "legal spaces" that strengthen social confrontation.

Social Partnership in Human Resources Management

The present article provides a retrospective analysis of the views of various authors on the problem of social partnership, considering social partnership as an alternative to social confrontation, as a means to harmonize the interests of various social groups in the process of resolving emerging contradictions in various areas of public practice. It was pointed out that partnership allows striking a balance of mutual interests in achieving an overall objective, effectively allocating the available resources and opportunities. The article presents the analysis of the activities of a trade union organization as a social partner, the analysis of social and labor relations in an industrial business. The authors have revealed significant problems in the field of social partnership, on which they have developed several practical recommendations.The analysis is based on social activity index calculation in a trade union organization. To comply with confidentiality requirements, property rights and trade secrets, the enterprise name is not listed.

Continuity and Rupture in the Labor and Piquetero Movements in Argentine Patagonia, 1990–2011

The piquetero (picketer) movement of unemployed workers developed in a region of Argentina whose socioeconomic structure was profoundly transformed in the 1990s by the changes brought about by neoliberalism. The development of the movement revealed both continuity and change with regard to organizational traditions among the region’s working class, including organizational forms, methods of protest, and relationships among different groups of workers. In 2001 the working class’s potential for protest produced a rupture in the formerly dominant bloc, but this potential had its limits: there was no capacity for formulating an alternative program. The employed working class did not take on the role that would have been necessary, and without its participation the tasks at hand were too great. In the context of economic recovery, the majority of the working class opted to improve their personal situations rather than question the fundamental elements of the social order. However, a new level of consciousness was expressed through the increasing importance of union opposition and the continuity of protest strategies with elements of strong social confrontation. El movimiento piquetero de trabajadores desempleados se desarrolló en una región de Argentina cuya estructura socioeconómica fue profundamente transformada en los años 90 por los cambios provocados por el neoliberalismo. El desarrollo del movimiento revela tanto la continuidad y el cambio con respecto a las tradiciones de organización en la clase obrera de la región, incluyendo las formas de organización, métodos de protesta, y las relaciones entre los diferentes grupos de trabajadores. En 2001 el potencial de la clase obrera para la protesta había producido una ruptura en el bloque anteriormente dominante, pero este potencial tenía sus límites: no había capacidad para formular un programa alternativo. La clase obrera empleada no asumía el rol que habría sido necesario, y sin su participación las tareas a mano eran demasiado grandes. En el contexto de la recuperación económica, la mayoría de la clase obrera optó por mejorar su situación personal en lugar de cuestionar los elementos fundamentales del orden social. Sin embargo, un nuevo nivel de conciencia se expresó a través de la creciente importancia de la oposición de los sindicatos y la continuidad de las estrategias de protesta con elementos de fuerte confrontación social.