Transmission of integrated sea urchin histone genes by nuclear transplantation in Xenopus laevis

Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 221 (4605) ◽  
pp. 67-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Etkin ◽  
M Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Nuclear Transplantation ◽  
Histone Genes

scholarly journals Differential stimulation of sea urchin early and late H2B histone gene expression by a gastrula nuclear extract after injection into Xenopus laevis oocytes.

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1236-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Maxson ◽  
M Ito ◽  
S Balcells ◽  
M Thayer ◽  
M French ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Nuclear Extract ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Xenopus Laevis Oocytes ◽  
Xenopus Laevis Oocyte ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Histone Genes

Sea urchin early histone genes are active in preblastula embryos; late histone genes are maximally expressed during subsequent stages of embryogenesis. We used the Xenopus laevis oocyte to assay for trans-acting factors involved in this differential regulation. Sea urchin nuclear proteins were prepared by extracting gastrula-stage chromatin successively with 0.45, 1, and 2 M NaCl. We injected three fractions into oocytes along with plasmids bearing sea urchin early and late H2b histone genes. While neither the 0 to 0.45 M nor the 1 to 2 M salt fraction affected H2b gene expression, the 0.45 to 1 M salt fraction stimulated early and late H2b mRNA levels significantly. Late H2b gene expression was stimulated preferentially when the early and late genes were coinjected into the same oocytes. This extract did not stimulate the accumulation of transcripts of injected herpesvirus thymidine kinase genes or of the sea urchin Spec 1 gene, suggesting that the stimulatory activity is not a general transcription factor. We localized the DNA sequence required for the stimulatory effect to a region of the late H2b gene located between -43 and +62 relative to the transcription start site. A component of the 0.45 to 1 M salt wash fraction specifically bound to the 105-base-pair late gene DNA sequence and to the corresponding early gene fragment. The abundance of this binding activity decreased on a per genome basis during early development of the sea urchin.

Differential stimulation of sea urchin early and late H2B histone gene expression by a gastrula nuclear extract after injection into Xenopus laevis oocytes

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1236-1246
Author(s):  
R Maxson ◽  
M Ito ◽  
S Balcells ◽  
M Thayer ◽  
M French ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Nuclear Extract ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Xenopus Laevis Oocytes ◽  
Xenopus Laevis Oocyte ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Histone Genes

Sea urchin early histone genes are active in preblastula embryos; late histone genes are maximally expressed during subsequent stages of embryogenesis. We used the Xenopus laevis oocyte to assay for trans-acting factors involved in this differential regulation. Sea urchin nuclear proteins were prepared by extracting gastrula-stage chromatin successively with 0.45, 1, and 2 M NaCl. We injected three fractions into oocytes along with plasmids bearing sea urchin early and late H2b histone genes. While neither the 0 to 0.45 M nor the 1 to 2 M salt fraction affected H2b gene expression, the 0.45 to 1 M salt fraction stimulated early and late H2b mRNA levels significantly. Late H2b gene expression was stimulated preferentially when the early and late genes were coinjected into the same oocytes. This extract did not stimulate the accumulation of transcripts of injected herpesvirus thymidine kinase genes or of the sea urchin Spec 1 gene, suggesting that the stimulatory activity is not a general transcription factor. We localized the DNA sequence required for the stimulatory effect to a region of the late H2b gene located between -43 and +62 relative to the transcription start site. A component of the 0.45 to 1 M salt wash fraction specifically bound to the 105-base-pair late gene DNA sequence and to the corresponding early gene fragment. The abundance of this binding activity decreased on a per genome basis during early development of the sea urchin.

Expression of sea urchin histone genes in the oocyte of Xenopus laevis

1979 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
pp. 709-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Probst ◽  
Armin Kressmann ◽  
Max L. Birnstiel
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Histone Genes

Ploidy, pigment patterns and species specific antigenicity in interspecific nuclear transplantations in newts

Development ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-330
Author(s):  
F. Sládeček ◽  
A. Romanovský
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Nuclear Transplantation ◽  
Skin Grafts ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Transplantation Antigens ◽  
Transplantation Experiments ◽  
Pigment Patterns

It was shown by Simnett (1964) that in Xenopus laevis skin grafts in adult frogs between members of the same nuclear clone were tolerated in the same way as autografts, but in skin grafts made between individuals belonging to different nuclear clones a homograft rejection occurred. The nucleus is therefore responsible for the synthesis of specific transplantation antigens. It seemed to us useful to investigate the species-specific antigenicity of animals derived from eggs transplanted with foreign nuclei in correlation with their ploidy and with the development of their species-specific pigment patterns, as a proof of functional activity of transplanted nuclei. For this purpose we used two species of Triturus, T. vulgaris and T. alpestris, because of earlier studies carried out in our laboratory on the pigmentation of their hybrids (Romanovský & Ŝtefanová, 960; Mazáková-Štefanová, 1965) and on their species-specific antigenicity (Romanovský, 1962 a, b), in spite of the known difficulties and limitations of nuclear transplantation experiments in these species (Lehman, 1955; Sládeček & Mazáková-Štefanová, 1964, 1965).

Factors Responsible for the Abnormal Development of Embryos Obtained by Nuclear Transplantation in Xenopus laevis

Development ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-340
Author(s):  
J. B. Gurdon
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Nuclear Transplantation ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Donor Nucleus ◽  
Innate Capacity

In Xenopus the embryos derived from nuclear transplantation often develop abnormally. These abnormalities must be due to the limited potentiality for development of either the donor nucleus or the egg cytoplasm; this limited potentiality will in turn be due to technical damage during transplantation or to the innate condition of the nucleus or cytoplasm before the experiment. The extent to which these technical and innate factors are responsible for abnormalities of transplant-embryo development has been analysed by considering the effect of each factor in turn. Nuclei from early donor stages have been used, since these nuclei are believed to be undifferentiated (see p. 338) and therefore to have the innate capacity for entirely normal development. The effects of other factors have been investigated by experiments in which each factor is varied in different ways. Any correlation between variations in one factor and the resulting proportion of abnormal transplant-embryos is then recorded.

scholarly journals Individual regulation of the accumulation of H1 mRNA and core histone mRNAs in sea urchin embryos.

1983 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 974-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
E J Baker ◽  
A A Infante
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Core Histone ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Histone Genes ◽  
Mrna Accumulation ◽  
The Core ◽  
Histone Mrnas ◽  
The Individual

The relative cytoplasmic accumulation of the individual histone mRNAs in sea urchins was determined by gel analysis of 3H-labeled cytoplasmic RNA isolated from embryos of the early cleavage through the mesenchyme blastula stages. A number of separate determinations showed that H1 mRNA accumulates at a molar ratio of 0.5 or less compared with each of the H2 or H3 core histone mRNAs through approximately the first 12 h of embryonic development. After this time, the accumulation of H1 mRNA increases relative to the core histone mRNAs, and approximately equimolar amounts of the histone mRNAs are produced by about the 14-h stage. The equimolar synthesis of H1 mRNA appears to be transient, returning to 0.5-molar levels several hours later. The increase in H1 mRNA accumulation, relative to the core histone RNAs, is coincident with the transition from expression of the early (alpha) sea urchin histone gene set to the late histone genes. Since all five of the early histone genes occur in a 1:1 ratio within repeating units, the data suggest that the genes within a single repeat, or their immediate products, are individually regulated. Gel analysis of the proteins synthesized in vivo by embryos demonstrates that the pattern of synthesis of the histone proteins reflects the changing ratios of the histone mRNAs.

Developmental regulation of micro-injected histone genes in sea urchin embryos

1988 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Vitelli ◽  
Iris Kemler ◽  
Beatrice Lauber ◽  
Max L. Birnstiel ◽  
Meinrad Busslinger
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Developmental Regulation ◽  
Histone Genes ◽  
Sea Urchin Embryos

Positions of sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) histone genes relative to restriction endonuclease sites on the chimeric plasmids pSp2 and pSp17

Biochemistry ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1504-1512 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Holmes ◽  
Ronald H. Cohn ◽  
Laurence H. Kedes ◽  
Norman Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Restriction Endonuclease ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Purpuratus ◽  
Histone Genes
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