THE DECLINE IN THE AVERAGE LENGTH OF LIFE

A number of industrialized nations have recently experienced some degrees of constriction in their long-standing sex differentials in life expectancy at birth. In this study we examine this phenomenon in the context of Canada’s regions between 1971 and 1991: Atlantic (Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island); Quebec, Ontario, and the West (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, Yukon and Northwest Territories). Decomposition analysis based on multiple decrement life tables is applied to address three questions: (1) Are there regional differentials in the degree of narrowing in the sex gap in life expectancy? (2) What is the relative contribution of major causes of death to observed sex differences in average length of life within and across regions? (3) How do the contributions of cause-of-death components vary across regions to either widen or narrow the sex gap in survival? It is shown that the magnitude of the sex gap is not uniform across the regions, though the differences are not large. The most important contributors to a narrowing of the sex gap in life expectancy are heart disease and external types of mortality (i.e., accidents, violence, and suicide), followed by lung cancer and other types of chronic conditions. In substantive terms these results indicate that over time men have been making sufficient gains in these causes of death as to narrow some of the gender gap in overall survival. Regions show similarity in these effects.

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THE DECLINE IN THE AVERAGE LENGTH OF LIFE

Science ◽

10.1126/science.74.1907.69 ◽

1931 ◽

Vol 74 (1907) ◽

pp. 69-69

Author(s):

T. Leary

Keyword(s):

Average Length ◽

Length Of Life

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Cross-Sectional Average Length of Life Childless

Demography ◽

10.1215/00703370-8937427 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 321-344

Author(s):

Ryohei Mogi ◽

Jessica Nisén ◽

Vladimir Canudas-Romo

Keyword(s):

Average Length ◽

The United States ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Period Effect ◽

Age At First Birth ◽

First Birth ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Difference ◽

Length Of Life ◽

Cross Sectional Average

Abstract Increases in the average age at first birth and in the proportion of women remaining childless have extended the total number of years that women spend childless during their reproductive lifetime in several countries. To quantify the number of years that reproductive-age women live without children, we introduce the cross-sectional average length of life childless (CALC). This measure includes all the age-specific first-birth information available for the cohorts present at time t; it is a period measure based on cohort data. Using the Human Fertility Database, CALC is calculated for the year 2015 for all countries with long enough histories of fertility available. Results show that women in the majority of the studied countries spend, on average, more than half of their reproductive lives childless. Furthermore, the difference between CALCs in two countries can be decomposed to give a clear visualization of how each cohort contributes to the difference in the duration of the length of childless life in those populations. Our illustration of the decomposition shows that (1) in recent years, female cohorts in Japan and Spain at increasingly younger ages have been contributing to more years of childless life compared with those in Sweden, (2) the United States continues to represent an exception among the high-income countries with a low expectation for childless life of women, and (3) Hungary experienced a strong period effect of the recent Great Recession. These examples show that CALC and its decomposition can provide insights into first-birth patterns.

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Some Notes on the Life-history and Habits of Theraptus sp. (Coreidae)

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485300029540 ◽

1954 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 429-432 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

E. M. Tait

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Life History ◽

Host Plant ◽

Average Length ◽

Coconut Palm ◽

Complete Protection ◽

Primary Host ◽

Oecophylla Longinoda ◽

Length Of Life

The life-history and bionomics of the Coreid bug, Theraptus sp., which causes premature nutfull of coconuts in Zanzibar, were studied in the laboratory and in the field.From the various experiments carried out it is concluded that:—The development of the insect from the egg to the adult took from 26–39½ days depending on temperature and the food available.The average length of life of the female is 45 days during which time she may produce over 100 fertile eggs.The primary host-plant of Theraptus is the coconut palm, but the bug readily infests mango, guava, cinnamon and cacao trees when they are fruiting.The pest will attack and develop successfully on nuts from the newly emerged to the mature ones.Agents which exert a measure of biological control include the tree-nesting ant, Oecophylla longinoda (Latr.), an internal Strepsipteran parasite, an unidentified Reduviid, two unidentified Hymenopterous egg-parasites and possibly some small ant species which prey on the eggs. Of these, only the ant, O. longinoda, is capable of giving complete protection to the palm which it occupies.

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A Study of the Longevity of Males at different periods in the History of Great Britain and Ireland from the Sixteenth to the beginning of the Nineteenth Century, based on Data from the “Dictionary of National, Biography” and “Burke's Peerage and Baronetage.”

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400017393 ◽

1926 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 256-272

Author(s):

Matthew Young ◽

W. T. Russell

Keyword(s):

Great Britain ◽

Life Histories ◽

Average Length ◽

Historical Period ◽

Accurate Information ◽

British Isles ◽

History Of ◽

The Mean ◽

Length Of Life ◽

National Biography

The life tables that have been constructed from the recorded mortality in England and Wales as a whole at more or less regular intervals since registration of death was introduced in 1837, and those that have been prepared for special districts and cities at various times since that date, afford accurate information regarding the average length of life at different periods during the greater part of last century. There is still comparatively little known, however, about the mean duration of life, and the conditions of health on which it so largely depends, amongst those who lived in the British Isles in pre-registration times and the present paper contains the results of and attempt to supplement existing knowledge on this subject. The data on which the paper is based have been derived from two sources, namely, the Index and Epitome of the Dictionary of National Biography and Burke' Peerage and Baronetage. In the first of these are records of the dates of birth and death with brief summaries of the life histories of persons who were selected as being wminent in various spheres of life in the British Isles and the Colonies from the earliest historical period; in the second are given the genealogical histories of members of the different titled families.

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