Phase-only transmissive spatial light modulator based on tunable dielectric metasurface

Rapidly developing augmented reality, solid-state light detection and ranging (LIDAR), and holographic display technologies require spatial light modulators (SLMs) with high resolution and viewing angle to satisfy increasing customer demands. Performance of currently available SLMs is limited by their large pixel sizes on the order of several micrometers. Here, we propose a concept of tunable dielectric metasurfaces modulated by liquid crystal, which can provide abrupt phase change, thus enabling pixel-size miniaturization. We present a metasurface-based transmissive SLM, configured to generate active beam steering with >35% efficiency and a large beam deflection angle of 11°. The high resolution and steering angle obtained provide opportunities to develop the next generation of LIDAR and display technologies.

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Realization of Non-Mechanical Lateral and Axial Confocal Microscopic Laser Scanning with a Phase only Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.613.167 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 613 ◽

pp. 167-172 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jian Qi Qu ◽

Li Min Zou ◽

Yan Jun Chen ◽

Xue Mei Ding

Keyword(s):

Liquid Crystal ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Spatial Light Modulator ◽

Beam Deflection ◽

Spatial Light Modulators ◽

Objective Lens ◽

Scanning System ◽

Light Modulator ◽

Light Modulators ◽

Theoretical Analyses

It is proposed in this paper to use phase only liquid crystal spatial light modulators to realize non-mechanical lateral and axial confocal microscopic laser scanning. With a phase only liquid crystal spatial light modulator used as a scanner to realize laser beam deflection, a confocal microscopic lateral beam scanning system is designed. A zoom illuminating lens is formed by incorporating a liquid crystal spatial light modulator along the confocal illumination light path, and thus the focus of the objective lens is axially shifted to realize the axial non-mechanical scanning. The theoretical analyses indicate that phase only liquid crystal spatial light modulators can be used to realize non-mechanical 3D confocal microscopic laser scanning.

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LCOS Spatial Light Modulator for Digital Holography

Photonics Letters of Poland ◽

10.4302/plp.v13i4.1123 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 76

Author(s):

Weijie Wu ◽

Mike Pivnenko ◽

Daping Chu

Keyword(s):

Liquid Crystal ◽

Spatial Light Modulator ◽

Digital Holography ◽

Spatial Light Modulators ◽

Light Modulator ◽

Holographic Display ◽

Head Mounted Display ◽

Light Modulators ◽

Silicon Devices ◽

Liquid Crystal On Silicon

Liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) spatial light modulator (SLM) is the most widely used optical engine for digital holography. This paper aims to provide an overview of the applications of phase-only LCOS in two-dimensional (2D) holography. It begins with a brief introduction to the holography theory along with its development trajectory, followed by the fundamental operating principle of phase-only LCOS SLMs. Hardware performance of LCOS SLMs (in terms of frame rate, phase linearity and flicker) and related experimental results are presented. Finally, potential improvements and applications are discussed for futuristic holographic displays. Full Text: PDF ReferencesM. Wolfke, Physikalische Zeitschrift 21, 495 (1920). DirectLink D. Gabor, "A New Microscopic Principle", Nature 161, 777 (1948). CrossRef H. Haken, "Laser Theory", Light and Matter 5, 14 (1970). CrossRef S. Benton, "Selected Papers on Three-dimensional displays", SPIE Press (2001). DirectLink X. Liang et al, "3D holographic display with optically addressed spatial light modulator", 3DTV-CON 2009 - 3rd 3DTV-Conference (2009). CrossRef J. Chen, W. Cranton, M. Fihn, "Handbook of Visual Display Technology", Springer (2012). CrossRef D. Rogers, "The chemistry of photography: From classical to digital technologies", Royal Society of Chemistry (2007). CrossRef S. Reichelt et al, "Depth cues in human visual perception and their realization in 3D displays", Proc. SPIE 7690, 76900B (2010). CrossRef A.W. Lohmann, D. Paris, "Binary Fraunhofer Holograms, Generated by Computer", Appl. Opt. 6, 1739 (1967). CrossRef J.W. Goodman, R.W. Lawrence, "Digital Image Formation from Electronically Detected Hologtrams", Appl. Phys. Lett 17, 77 (1967). CrossRef D.C. O'Brien, R.J. Mears, and W.A. Crossland, "Dynamic holographic interconnects that use ferroelectric liquid-crystal spatial light modulators", Appl. Opt. 33, 2795, (1994). CrossRef R.W. Gerchberg, and W.O. Saxton, "A practical algorithm for the determination of phase from image and diffraction plane pictures", Optik 35, 237 (1972). DirectLink M. Ernstoff, A. Leupp, M. Little, and H. Peterson, "Liquid crystal pictorial display", Proceedings of the 1973 International Electron Devices Meeting, IEEE, 548 (1973). CrossRef W.A. Crossland, P.J. Ayliffe, and P.W. Ross, "A dyed-phase-change liquid crystal display over a MOSFET switching array", Proc SID 23, 15 (1982). DirectLink M. Tang, and J. Wu, "Optical Correlation recoginition based on LCOS", Internation Symposium on Photoelectronic Detection and Imaging 2013, Optical Storage and Display Tech., 8913 (2013). CrossRef A. Hermerschmidt, et al. Holographic optical tweezers with real-time hologram calculation using a phase-only modulating LCOS-based SLM at 1064 nm, Complex Light and Optical Forces II, International Society for Optics and Photonics, 30282 (2008). CrossRef M. Wang, et al. "LCoS SLM Study and Its Application in Wavelength Selective Switch", Photonics 4, 22 (2017). CrossRef Z. Zhang, Z. You, and D. Chu, "Fundamentals of phase-only liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) devices", Light Sci. & Appls. 3, e213 (2014). CrossRef D. Yang, and S. Wu, Fundamentals of liquid crystal devices, 2nd edition (Wiley 2015). CrossRef B. Prince, Semiconductor memories: A handbook of design, manufacture, and application, 2nd ed. (John Wiley & Sons 1996). DirectLink J.C. Jones, Liquid crystal displays, Handbook of optoelectronics: Enabling Technologies, 2nd ed. (CRC Press 2018). DirectLink A. Ayriyan, et al. "Simulation of the Static Electric Field Effect on the Director Orientation of Nematic Liquid Crystal in the Transition State", Phys. Wave Phenom. 27, 67 (2019). CrossRef S.M. Kelly, and M. O'Neil, Liquid crystal for electro-optic applications, Handbook of advanced electronics and photonic materials and devices 7, 15 (2000). DirectLink Y. Ji, et al., "Suspected Intraoperative Anaphylaxis to Gelatin Absorbable Hemostatic Sponge", J. SID 22, 4652 (2015). CrossRef X. Chang, Solution-processed ZnO nanoparticles for optically addressed spatial light modulator and other applications, Ph.D. thesis, (University of Cambridge, Cambridge 2019) CrossRef E. Moon, et al. "Holographic head-mounted display with RGB light emitting diode light source", Opt. Express 22, 6526 (2014). CrossRef G. Aad, et al. "Study of jet shapes in inclusive jet production in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV using the ATLAS detector", Phys Rev. D 83, 052003 (2011). CrossRef M. Pivnenko, K. Li, and D. Chu, "Sub-millisecond switching of multi-level liquid crystal on silicon spatial light modulators for increased information bandwidth", Opt. Express 29, 24614 (2021). CrossRef H. Yang, and D.P. Chu, "Phase flicker optimisation in digital liquid crystal on silicon devices", Opt. Express 27, 24556 (2019). CrossRef P. Bach-Y-Rita, et al. "Seeing with the Brain", Int. J. Hum. -Comput. Interact 15, 285 (2003). CrossRef Y. Tong, M. Pivnenko, and D. Chu, "Improvements of phase linearity and phase flicker of phase-only LCoS devices for holographic applications", Appl. Opt. 58, G248 (2019). CrossRef Y. Tong, M. Pivnenko, and D. Chu, "Implementation of 10-Bit Phase Modulation for Phase-Only LCOS Devices Using Deep Learning", Adv. Dev. & Instr. 1, 10 (2020). CrossRef H. Yang, and D. Chu, "Phase flicker optimisation in digital liquid crystal on silicon devices", Opt. Express 27, 24556 (2019). CrossRef J. García-Márquez, et al. "Mueller-Stokes characterization and optimization of a liquid crystal on silicon display showing depolarization", Opt.Express 16, 8431 (2008). CrossRef

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Progress in Phase Calibration for Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulators

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app9102012 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 2012 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Rujia Li ◽

Liangcai Cao

Keyword(s):

Optical Tweezers ◽

Phase Modulation ◽

Spatial Light Modulators ◽

Light Modulator ◽

Holographic Display ◽

Light Modulators ◽

Interferometric Phase ◽

Calibration Methods ◽

Phase Calibration ◽

Potential Methods

Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) is one of the most widely used devices for phase modulation. It has been successfully applied in the field with requirements of precision phase modulation such as holographic display, optical tweezers, lithography, etc. However, due to the limitations in the manufacturing process, the grayscale-phase response could be different for every single SLM device, even varying on sections of an SLM panel. A diverse array of calibration methods have been proposed and could be sorted into two categories: the interferometric phase calibration methods and the diffractive phase calibration methods. The principles of phase-only SLM are introduced. The main phase calibration methods are discussed and reviewed. The advantages of these methods are analyzed and compared. The potential methods for different applications are suggested.

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Response Time of a-Si:H Photosensors in Optically Addressed Spatial Light Modulators

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-219-155 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 219 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Garret Moddel ◽

Pierre R. Barbier

Keyword(s):

Liquid Crystal ◽

Response Time ◽

Spatial Light Modulator ◽

Reverse Bias ◽

Forward Bias ◽

Spatial Light Modulators ◽

Photocurrent Response ◽

Light Modulator ◽

Double Injection ◽

Light Modulators

ABSTRACTA successful application for a-Si:H is as the photosensor in a liquid crystal optically addressed spatial light modulator (OASLM). We analyze the response time of an a-Si:H p-i-n photodiode in a “pseudo-OALSM,” in which the liquid crystal is replaced by an equivalent capacitor, under both forward and reverse bias. Under reverse bias the two important effects are the photocurrent response time, and residual trapped charge. Under forward bias the mechanism shifts from double injection regimes to ohmic transport as a function of voltage. We relate these characteristics to the operation of an OASLM.

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High Fidelity Spatial Light Modulator Configuration for Photo-Stimulation

Frontiers in Physics ◽

10.3389/fphy.2021.587112 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Samira Aghayee ◽

Mitchell Weikert ◽

Phillip Alvarez ◽

Gabriel A. Frank ◽

Wolfgang Losert

Keyword(s):

Spatial Light Modulator ◽

Signal To Noise Ratio ◽

Spatial Light Modulators ◽

High Signal ◽

High Fidelity ◽

Light Modulator ◽

Fourier Plane ◽

Two Photon ◽

Light Modulators ◽

The Brain

For their capacity to shape optical wavefronts in real time into any desired illumination pattern, phase-only Spatial Light Modulators (SLM) have proven to be powerful tools for optical trapping and micromanipulation applications. SLMs are also becoming increasingly utilized in selective photo-stimulation of groups of neurons in the brain. However, conventional SLM based wavefront modulation introduces artifacts that are particularly detrimental for photo-stimulation applications. The primary issue is the unmodulated light that travels along the 0th order of diffraction. This portion of light is commonly blocked at the center of the object plane, which prevents photo-stimulation in the blocked region. We demonstrate a virtual lens configuration that moves the 1st order diffraction with the desired illumination pattern into the Fourier plane of the 0th order light. This virtual lens setup makes the whole field of view accessible for photo-stimulation and eliminates the need for removing the 0th order light in two-photon applications. Furthermore, in an example application to reconstruct a pattern consisting of an array of points, the virtual lens configuration increases the uniformity of the intensities these points. Moreover, diffraction-induced artifacts are also significantly reduced within the target plane. Therefore, our proposed high fidelity configuration yields target points with high signal to noise ratio.

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Focal beam structuring by triple mixing of optical vortex lattices

Optical and Quantum Electronics ◽

10.1007/s11082-021-03399-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lyubomir Stoyanov ◽

Georgi Maleshkov ◽

Ivan Stefanov ◽

Gerhard G. Paulus ◽

Alexander Dreischuh

Keyword(s):

Spatial Light Modulator ◽

Optical Vortex ◽

Spatial Light Modulators ◽

Reliable Control ◽

Control Parameters ◽

Light Modulator ◽

Vortex Lattices ◽

On Demand ◽

Ordered Arrays ◽

Light Modulators

AbstractOn-demand generation and reshaping of arrays of focused laser beams is highly desired in many areas of science and technology. In this work, we present a versatile approach for laser beam structuring in the focal plane of a lens by triple mixing of square and/or hexagonal optical vortex lattices (OVLs). In the artificial far field the input Gaussian beam is reshaped into ordered arrays of bright beams with flat phase profiles. This is remarkable, since the bright focal peaks are surrounded by hundreds of OVs with their dark cores and two-dimensional phase dislocations. Numerical simulations and experimental evidences for this are shown, including a broad discussion of some of the possible scenarios for such mixing: triple mixing of square-shaped OVLs, triple mixing of hexagonal OVLs, as well as the two combined cases of mixing square-hexagonal-hexagonal and square-square-hexagonal OVLs. The particular ordering of the input phase distributions of the OV lattices on the used spatial light modulators is found to affect the orientation of the structures ruled by the hexagonal OVL. Reliable control parameters for the creation of the desired focal beam structures are the respective lattice node spacings. The presented approach is flexible, easily realizable by using a single spatial light modulator, and thus accessible in many laboratories.

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High Resolution Phase-only 4K2K LCoS Spatial Light Modulator for Holographic Display Technology

Proceedings of the International Display Workshops ◽

10.36463/idw.2019.prj3-2 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1291

Author(s):

Chun-Wei Tsai ◽

Tse Li ◽

Chen Wang

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Spatial Light Modulator ◽

Light Modulator ◽

Holographic Display ◽

Display Technology

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Dynamic Thresholding with the Three-Terminal Optically Addressed Spatial Light Modulator

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-258-1087 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 258 ◽

Author(s):

Robert A. Rice ◽

Peter J. Close ◽

Garret Moddel

Keyword(s):

Light Intensity ◽

Spatial Light Modulator ◽

Response Times ◽

Metal Layer ◽

Spatial Light Modulators ◽

Light Modulator ◽

Light Modulators ◽

Intensity Threshold ◽

Wave Drive ◽

Dc Drive

ABSTRACTStandard, non-patterned optically addressed spatial light modulators (OASLMs), comprising an a-Si:H photodiode and a ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC), have a fixed write-light intensity threshold when driven at a particular frequency. We present a patterned OASLM in which the threshold may be varied. The structure and operation of this device is significantly different from the standard OASL.M. While the square-wave drive for the non-patterned OASLM provides a time-varying voltage for the device, the thresholding OASLM uses a dc drive, with spatially separated bias voltages. By varying the voltage applied to a patterned metal layer between the a-Si:H and FLC, we achieved dynamic thresholding over one decade of write-light intensity. Fabricated devices have response times as low as 200 μsec, and contrast ratios as high as 50:1.

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