Antibiotic Susceptibility and Sequence Type Distribution of Ureaplasma Species Isolated from Genital Samples in Switzerland

ABSTRACTAntibiotic resistance inUreaplasma urealyticum/Ureaplasma parvumandMycoplasma hominisis an issue of increasing importance. However, data regarding the susceptibility and, more importantly, the clonality of these organisms are limited. We analyzed 140 genital samples obtained in Bern, Switzerland, in 2014. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by using the Mycoplasma IST 2 kit and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. MICs for ciprofloxacin and azithromycin were obtained in broth microdilution assays. Clonality was analyzed with PCR-based subtyping and multilocus sequence typing (MLST), whereas quinolone resistance and macrolide resistance were studied by sequencinggyrA, gyrB,parC, andparEgenes, as well as 23S rRNA genes and genes encoding L4/L22 ribosomal proteins. A total of 103 samples were confirmed as positive forU. urealyticum/U. parvum, whereas 21 were positive for bothU. urealyticum/U. parvumandM. hominis. According to the IST 2 kit, the rates of nonsusceptibility were highest for ciprofloxacin (19.4%) and ofloxacin (9.7%), whereas low rates were observed for clarithromycin (4.9%), erythromycin (1.9%), and azithromycin (1%). However, inconsistent results between microdilution and IST 2 kit assays were recorded. Various sequence types (STs) observed previously in China (ST1, ST2, ST4, ST9, ST22, and ST47), as well as eight novel lineages, were detected. Only some quinolone-resistant isolates had amino acid substitutions in ParC (Ser83Leu inU. parvumof serovar 6) and ParE (Val417Thr inU. parvumof serovar 1 and the novel Thr417Val substitution inU. urealyticum). Isolates with mutations in 23S rRNA or substitutions in L4/L22 were not detected. This is the first study analyzing the susceptibility ofU. urealyticum/U. parvumisolates in Switzerland and the clonality outside China. Resistance rates were low compared to those in other countries. We hypothesize that some hyperepidemic STs spread worldwide via sexual intercourse. Large combined microbiological and clinical studies should address this important issue.

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cfr(B), cfr(C), and a New cfr-Like Gene, cfr(E), in Clostridium difficile Strains Recovered across Latin America

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01074-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Vanja Stojković ◽

María Fernanda Ulate ◽

Fanny Hidalgo-Villeda ◽

Emmanuel Aguilar ◽

Camilo Monge-Cascante ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Clostridium Difficile ◽

Ribosomal Proteins ◽

Rrna Genes ◽

23S Rrna ◽

Cross Resistance ◽

Content Type ◽

Integrative And Conjugative Elements ◽

Genes Encoding

ABSTRACT Cfr is a radical S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) enzyme that confers cross-resistance to antibiotics targeting the 23S rRNA through hypermethylation of nucleotide A2503. Three cfr-like genes implicated in antibiotic resistance have been described, two of which, cfr(B) and cfr(C), have been sporadically detected in Clostridium difficile. However, the methylase activity of Cfr(C) has not been confirmed. We found cfr(B), cfr(C), and a cfr-like gene that shows only 51 to 58% protein sequence identity to Cfr and Cfr-like enzymes in clinical C. difficile isolates recovered across nearly a decade in Mexico, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Chile. This new resistance gene was termed cfr(E). In agreement with the anticipated function of the cfr-like genes detected, all isolates exhibited high MIC values for several ribosome-targeting antibiotics. In addition, in vitro assays confirmed that Cfr(C) and Cfr(E) methylate Escherichia coli and, to a lesser extent, C. difficile 23S rRNA fragments at the expected positions. The analyzed isolates do not have mutations in 23S rRNA genes or genes encoding the ribosomal proteins L3 and L4 and lack poxtA, optrA, and pleuromutilin resistance genes. Moreover, these cfr-like genes were found in Tn6218-like transposons or integrative and conjugative elements (ICE) that could facilitate their transfer. These results indicate selection of potentially mobile cfr-like genes in C. difficile from Latin America and provide the first assessment of the methylation activity of Cfr(C) and Cfr(E), which belong to a cluster of Cfr-like proteins that does not include the functionally characterized enzymes Cfr, Cfr(B), and Cfr(D).

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In Vitro Activities of Eravacycline and Other Antimicrobial Agents against Human Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.00698-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 64 (8) ◽

Author(s):

Ken B. Waites ◽

Donna M. Crabb ◽

Li Xiao ◽

Lynn B. Duffy ◽

Sixto M. Leal

Keyword(s):

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽

Mycoplasma Hominis ◽

Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽

Content Type ◽

Ureaplasma Parvum

ABSTRACT We performed in vitro susceptibility testing for eravacycline in comparison to 4 other antimicrobials against 10 Mycoplasma genitalium, 40 Mycoplasma hominis, 44 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 20 Ureaplasma parvum, and 20 Ureaplasma urealyticum isolates. All eravacycline MICs were ≤0.25 μg/ml, except that for one isolate of M. genitalium, for which the MIC was 2 μg/ml. Eravacycline was markedly more potent than tetracycline, azithromycin, moxifloxacin, and clindamycin against all isolates tested, which included 37 macrolide, tetracycline, and/or fluoroquinolone-resistant organisms.

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Mycoplasma anserisalpingitidis sp. nov., isolated from European domestic geese (Anser anser domesticus) with reproductive pathology

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY ◽

10.1099/ijsem.0.004052 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 70 (4) ◽

pp. 2369-2381 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Dmitriy V. Volokhov ◽

Dénes Grózner ◽

Miklós Gyuranecz ◽

Naola Ferguson-Noel ◽

Yamei Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

16S Rrna ◽

Type Strain ◽

Type Species ◽

Novel Species ◽

16S Rrna Genes ◽

Rrna Genes ◽

23S Rrna ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Content Type ◽

Link Type

In 1983, Mycoplasma sp. strain 1220 was isolated in Hungary from the phallus lymph of a gander with phallus inflammation. Between 1983 and 2017, Mycoplasma sp. 1220 was also identified and isolated from the respiratory tract, liver, ovary, testis, peritoneum and cloaca of diseased geese in several countries. Seventeen studied strains produced acid from glucose and fructose but did not hydrolyse arginine or urea, and all grew under aerobic, microaerophilic and anaerobic conditions at 35 to 37 ˚C in either SP4 or pleuropneumonia-like organism medium supplemented with glucose and serum. Colonies on agar showed a typical fried-egg appearance and transmission electron microscopy revealed a typical mycoplasma cellular morphology. Molecular characterization included analysis of the following genetic loci: 16S rRNA, 23S rRNA, 16S–23S rRNA ITS, rpoB, rpoC, rpoD, uvrA, parC, topA, dnaE, fusA and pyk. The genome was sequenced for type strain 1220T. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of studied strains of Mycoplasma sp. 1220 shared 99.02–99.19 % nucleotide similarity with M. anatis strains but demonstrated ≤95.00–96.70 % nucleotide similarity to the 16S rRNA genes of other species of the genus Mycoplasma . Phylogenetic, average nucleotide and amino acid identity analyses revealed that the novel species was most closely related to Mycoplasma anatis . Based on the genetic data, we propose a novel species of the genus Mycoplasma , for which the name Mycoplasma anserisalpingitidis sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain 1220T (=ATCC BAA-2147T=NCTC 13513T=DSM 23982T). The G+C content is 26.70 mol%, genome size is 959110 bp.

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In Vitro Activities of Gepotidacin (GSK2140944) and Other Antimicrobial Agents against Human Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01064-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 61 (10) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Ken B. Waites ◽

Donna M. Crabb ◽

Li Xiao ◽

Lynn B. Duffy

Keyword(s):

Topoisomerase Ii ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽

Mycoplasma Hominis ◽

Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽

Content Type ◽

Topoisomerase Ii Inhibitor ◽

Ureaplasma Parvum ◽

Type Strains

ABSTRACTGepotidacin, a novel first-in-class triazaacenaphthylene topoisomerase II inhibitor, was tested against 85 type strains and clinical isolates ofMycoplasma pneumoniae,Mycoplasma hominis,Mycoplasma genitalium,Ureaplasma parvum, andUreaplasma urealyticumin comparison to levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, azithromycin or clindamycin, and tetracycline. Gepotidacin MIC90s (μg/ml) were 0.125 (M. pneumoniae), 0.032 (M. genitalium), 2 (M. hominis), and 8 (Ureaplasmaspecies). Gepotidacin activity was not affected by resistance to fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, or macrolides in the strains tested. Gepotidacin merits further study for treating infections caused by these organisms.

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Epibacterium ulvae gen. nov., sp. nov., epibiotic bacteria isolated from the surface of a marine alga

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY ◽

10.1099/ijs.0.042838-0 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 63 (Pt_5) ◽

pp. 1589-1596 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Anahit Penesyan ◽

Sven Breider ◽

Peter Schumann ◽

Brian J. Tindall ◽

Suhelen Egan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

16S Rrna ◽

16S Rrna Gene ◽

Type Species ◽

Marine Alga ◽

16S Rrna Genes ◽

Rrna Genes ◽

23S Rrna ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Content Type ◽

Link Type

Two Gram-reaction-negative, rod-shaped, motile bacteria, designated strains U82 and U95T, were isolated from the marine alga Ulva australis collected at Sharks Point, Clovelly, a rocky intertidal zone near Sydney, Australia. Both strains were oxidase- and catalase-positive, formed brown- to black-pigmented colonies and required NaCl for growth. Phylogenetic analysis based on nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that these strains belong to the Roseobacter clade within the Alphaproteobacteria . The 16S rRNA genes of both strains were identical across the sequenced 1326 nt, but showed differences in the intergenic spacer region (ITS) between the 16S and the 23S rRNA genes. At the genomic level the DNA G+C contents of strains U82 and U95T were identical (52.6 mol%) and they had a DNA–DNA hybridization value of 83.7 %, suggesting that these strains belong to the same species. The closest described phylogenetic neighbour to strains U82 and U95T was Thalassobius aestuarii DSM 15283T with 95.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Other close relatives include further species of the genera Thalassobius and Shimia . Strains U82 and U95T were negative for bacteriochlorophyll a production, showed antibacterial activity towards other marine bacteria, were resistant to the antibiotics gentamicin and spectinomycin and were unable to hydrolyse starch or gelatin. The major fatty acids (>1 %) were 18 : 1ω7c, 16 : 0, 18 : 2, 10 : 0 3-OH, 12 : 0, 20 : 1 2-OH and 18 : 0. The polar lipid pattern indicated the presence of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, two unidentified aminolipids and four unidentified phospholipids. Both strains produced ubiquinone 10 (Q-10) as the sole respiratory lipoquinone. Based on their phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, it is suggested that strains U82 and U95T are members of a novel species within a new genus for which the name Epibacterium ulvae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is U95T ( = DSM 24752T = LMG 26464T).

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Anaerocolumna chitinilytica sp. nov., a chitin-decomposing anaerobic bacterium isolated from anoxic soil subjected to biological soil disinfestation

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY ◽

10.1099/ijsem.0.004999 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 71 (9) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Atsuko Ueki ◽

Akio Tonouchi ◽

Nobuo Kaku ◽

Katsuji Ueki

Keyword(s):

16S Rrna ◽

16S Rrna Genes ◽

Rrna Genes ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Fermentation Products ◽

Content Type ◽

Soil Disinfestation ◽

Link Type ◽

The Family ◽

Genes Encoding

An obligately anaerobic bacterial strain (CTTWT) belonging to the family Lachnospiraceae within the class Clostridia was isolated from an anoxic soil sample subjected to biological or reductive soil disinfestation. Cells of the strain were Gram-stain-positive, short rods with peritrichous flagella. The strain was saccharolytic and decomposed polysaccharides, chitin, xylan and β-1,3-glucan. Strain CTTWT decomposed cell biomass and cell-wall preparations of an ascomycete plant pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae. The strain produced acetate, ethanol, H2 and CO2 as fermentation products from the utilized substrates. The major cellular fatty acids of the strain were C16 : 1 ω7c dimethylacetal (DMA), C16 : 0 DMA and C18 : 1 ω7c DMA. The closely related species of strain CTTWT based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences were species in the genus Anaerocolumna with sequence similarities of 95.2–97.6 %. Results of genome analyses of strain CTTWT indicated that the genome size of the strain was 5.62 Mb and the genomic DNA G+C content was 38.3 mol%. Six 16S rRNA genes with five different sequences from each other were found in the genome. Strain CTTWT had genes encoding chitinase, xylanase, cellulase, β-glucosidase and nitrogenase as characteristic genes in the genome. Homologous genes encoding these proteins were found in the genomes of the related Anaerocolumna species, but the genomic and phenotypic properties of strain CTTWT were distinct from them. Based on the phylogenetic, genomic and phenotypic analyses, the name Anaerocolumna chitinilytica sp. nov., in the family Lachnospiraceae is proposed for strain CTTWT (=NBRC 112102T=DSM 110036T).

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Determination of In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility for Lefamulin (Pleuromutilin) for Ureaplasma Spp. and Mycoplasma hominis

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10111370 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1370

Author(s):

Oliver Spiller-Boulter ◽

Susanne Paukner ◽

Ian Boostrom ◽

Kirsty Sands ◽

Edward A. R. Portal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽

Acquired Resistance ◽

Mycoplasma Hominis ◽

Fold Increase ◽

23S Rrna ◽

Ureaplasma Parvum ◽

Urogenital Infections ◽

Ureaplasma Spp

Lefamulin is the first of the pleuromutilin class of antimicrobials to be available for therapeutic use in humans. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of lefamulin were determined by microbroth dilution for 90 characterised clinical isolates (25 Ureaplasma parvum, 25 Ureaplasma urealyticum, and 40 Mycoplasma hominis). All Mycoplasma hominis isolates possessed lefamulin MICs of ≤0.25 mg/L after 48 h (MIC50/90 of 0.06/0.12 mg/L), despite an inherent resistance to macrolides; while Ureaplasma isolates had MICs of ≤2 mg/L after 24 h (MIC50/90 of 0.25/1 mg/L), despite inherent resistance to clindamycin. Two U. urealyticum isolates with additional A2058G mutations of 23S rRNA, and one U. parvum isolate with a R66Q67 deletion (all of which had a combined resistance to macrolides and clindamycin) only showed a 2-fold increase in lefamulin MIC (1–2 mg/L) relative to macrolide-susceptible strains. Lefamulin could be an effective alternative antimicrobial for treating Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis infections irrespective of intrinsic or acquired resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and ketolides. Based on this potent in vitro activity and the known good, rapid, and homogenous tissue penetration of female and male urogenital tissues and glands, further exploration of clinical efficacy of lefamulin for the treatment of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma urogenital infections is warranted.

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Detection of a Newcfr-Like Gene,cfr(B), in Enterococcus faecium Isolates Recovered from Human Specimens in the United States as Part of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01473-15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 59 (10) ◽

pp. 6256-6261 ◽

Cited By ~ 81

Author(s):

Lalitagauri M. Deshpande ◽

Deborah S. Ashcraft ◽

Heather P. Kahn ◽

George Pankey ◽

Ronald N. Jones ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Enterococcus Faecium ◽

Ribosomal Proteins ◽

Medical Center ◽

The United States ◽

Gene Location ◽

Rrna Genes ◽

23S Rrna ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Content Type

ABSTRACTTwo linezolid-resistantEnterococcus faeciumisolates (MICs, 8 μg/ml) from unique patients of a medical center in New Orleans were included in this study. Isolates were initially investigated for the presence of mutations in the V domain of 23S rRNA genes and L3, L4, and L22 ribosomal proteins, as well ascfr. Isolates were subjected to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (just one band difference), and one representative strain was submitted to whole-genome sequencing. Gene location was also determined by hybridization, andcfrgenes were cloned and expressed in aStaphylococcus aureusbackground. The two isolates had one out of six 23S rRNA alleles mutated (G2576T), had wild-type L3, L4, and L22 sequences, and were positive for acfr-like gene. The sequence of the protein encoded by thecfr-like gene was most similar (99.7%) to that found inPeptoclostridium difficile, which shared only 74.9% amino acid identity with the proteins encoded by genes previously identified in staphylococci and non-faeciumenterococci and was, therefore, denominated Cfr(B). When expressed inS. aureus, the protein conferred a resistance profile similar to that of Cfr. Two copies ofcfr(B) were chromosomally located and embedded in a Tn6218similar to thecfr-carrying transposon described inP. difficile.This study reports the first detection ofcfrgenes inE. faeciumclinical isolates in the United States and characterization of a newcfrvariant,cfr(B).cfr(B) has been observed in mobile genetic elements inE. faeciumandP. difficile, suggesting potential for dissemination. However, further analysis is necessary to access the resistance levels conferred bycfr(B) when expressed in enterococci.

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Phenotypic Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Genotypic Characterization of Clinical Ureaplasma Isolates Circulating in Shanghai, China

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.724935 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Hongxia Ma ◽

Xuemei Zhang ◽

Xiaoxing Shi ◽

Jun Zhang ◽

Yunheng Zhou

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Ribosomal Proteins ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistance Mechanisms ◽

Resistance Rate ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Ureaplasma Parvum ◽

Genes Encoding

There is a growing global concern regarding the rise of antimicrobial resistance among Ureaplasma spp. isolates. However, studies on the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, resistance mechanisms, and clonality of Ureaplasma spp. clinical isolates are still limited and cover only some geographic regions. Firstly, Ureaplasma species from the urogenital tracts of patients in Shanghai, China, were isolated by using the culture medium (A8 and 10B broth), and identified the genotype by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Secondly, the antimicrobial susceptibility tests were determined by using broth microdilution assay. Then, the resistance genetic determinants to fluoroquinolones (FQs), macrolides, and tetracyclines were investigated through PCR/DNA sequencing. Finally, the molecular epidemiology of Ureaplasma species was studied by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Among 258 isolates, Ureaplasma parvum (UPA) and Ureaplasma urealyticum (UUR) were found in 226 (87.60%) and 32 (12.40%) isolates, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 258 Ureaplasma spp. strains ranged from 0.015 to 64μg/ml for all 11 kinds of antimicrobials. Regardless of species, the isolates were most sensitive to AZI (1.94%), JOS (3.49%), and CLA (4.23%). Among them, there were 39 (15.12%) multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, including 32 UPA isolates. The resistance rates of UPA to CIP (91.59%), and ROX (36.28%) were significantly higher than those of UUR. Twenty six FQ-resistant isolates had amino acid substitutions in gyrA and in parC (Ser83Leu). Mutations were detected in genes encoding ribosomal proteins L4 (Thr84Ile) and L22 (Ser81Pro) in macrolide-resistant isolates. Tet(M) was found in four UPA isolates. These mutations were mainly found in UPA isolates. Sequence type 1 (ST1) was the predominant ST, which contained 18 isolates. In conclusion, this study showed a higher resistance rate (especially to ROX and CIP), higher substitution rate, and higher MDR rate among UPA strains. The most active antimicrobial agents were AZI, JOS, and CLA. Identifying UPA or UUR in clinical isolates could help clinicians to choose appropriate drugs for treatment. The main resistance mechanisms may involve gene substitution of Ser83Leu in parC and Ser81Pro in L22. ST1 was the predominant ST of Ureaplasma isolates with MDR to FQs and macrolides in Shanghai, China.

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Consistent Metagenome-Derived Metrics Verify and Delineate Bacterial Species Boundaries

mSystems ◽

10.1128/msystems.00731-19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Matthew R. Olm ◽

Alexander Crits-Christoph ◽

Spencer Diamond ◽

Adi Lavy ◽

Paula B. Matheus Carnevali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Diversity ◽

Ribosomal Proteins ◽

Large Scale ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Bacterial Genome ◽

16S Rrna Genes ◽

Rrna Genes ◽

Species Discrimination ◽

Bacterial Genomes ◽

Discrimination Power

ABSTRACT Longstanding questions relate to the existence of naturally distinct bacterial species and genetic approaches to distinguish them. Bacterial genomes in public databases form distinct groups, but these databases are subject to isolation and deposition biases. To avoid these biases, we compared 5,203 bacterial genomes from 1,457 environmental metagenomic samples to test for distinct clouds of diversity and evaluated metrics that could be used to define the species boundary. Bacterial genomes from the human gut, soil, and the ocean all exhibited gaps in whole-genome average nucleotide identities (ANI) near the previously suggested species threshold of 95% ANI. While genome-wide ratios of nonsynonymous and synonymous nucleotide differences (dN/dS) decrease until ANI values approach ∼98%, two methods for estimating homologous recombination approached zero at ∼95% ANI, supporting breakdown of recombination due to sequence divergence as a species-forming force. We evaluated 107 genome-based metrics for their ability to distinguish species when full genomes are not recovered. Full-length 16S rRNA genes were least useful, in part because they were underrecovered from metagenomes. However, many ribosomal proteins displayed both high metagenomic recoverability and species discrimination power. Taken together, our results verify the existence of sequence-discrete microbial species in metagenome-derived genomes and highlight the usefulness of ribosomal genes for gene-level species discrimination. IMPORTANCE There is controversy about whether bacterial diversity is clustered into distinct species groups or exists as a continuum. To address this issue, we analyzed bacterial genome databases and reports from several previous large-scale environment studies and identified clear discrete groups of species-level bacterial diversity in all cases. Genetic analysis further revealed that quasi-sexual reproduction via horizontal gene transfer is likely a key evolutionary force that maintains bacterial species integrity. We next benchmarked over 100 metrics to distinguish these bacterial species from each other and identified several genes encoding ribosomal proteins with high species discrimination power. Overall, the results from this study provide best practices for bacterial species delineation based on genome content and insight into the nature of bacterial species population genetics.

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