scholarly journals Ocular Distribution, Spectrum of Activity, andIn VivoViral Neutralization of a Fully Humanized Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus IgG Fab Fragment following Topical Application

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 1390-1402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Berdugo ◽  
Inna V. Larsen ◽  
Claire Abadie ◽  
Catherine Deloche ◽  
Laura Kowalczuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Topical Administration ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Ocular Disease ◽  
Ocular Infection ◽  
Fab Fragment ◽  
Simplex Virus

ABSTRACTHerpes simplex ocular infection is a major cause of corneal blindness. Local antiviral treatments exist but are associated with corneal toxicity, and resistance has become an issue. We evaluated the biodistribution and efficacy of a humanized anti-herpes simplex virus (anti-HSV) IgG FAb fragment (AC-8; 53 kDa) following repeated topical administration. AC-8 was found in the corneal epithelium, anterior stroma, subepithelial stromal cells, and retinal glial cells, with preferential entry through the ocular limbus. AC-8 was active against 13 different strains of HSV-1, with 50% and 90% mean effective concentrations (MEC50and MEC90, respectively) ranging from 0.03 to 0.13 μg/ml, indicating broad-spectrum activity. Thein vivoefficacy of AC-8 was evaluated in a mouse model of herpes-induced ocular disease. Treatment with low-dose AC-8 (1 mg/ml) slightly reduced the ocular disease scores. A greater reduction of the disease scores was observed in the 10-mg/ml AC-8-treated group, but not as much as with trifluridine (TFT). AC-8 treatment reduced viral titers but less than trifluridine. AC-8 did not display any toxicity to the cornea or other structures in the eye. In summary, topical instillation of an anti-HSV FAb can be used on both intact and ulcerated corneas. It is well tolerated and does not alter reepithelialization. Further studies to improve the antiviral effect are needed for AC-8 to be considered for therapeutic use.

scholarly journals A Cationic Peptide, TAT-Cd0, Inhibits Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Ocular Infection In Vivo

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilbert G. Jose ◽  
Inna V. Larsen ◽  
Joshua Gauger ◽  
Erica Carballo ◽  
Rebecca Stern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus Type ◽  
Ocular Infection ◽  
Cationic Peptide ◽  
Simplex Virus

scholarly journals Both CD8+and CD4+T Cells Contribute to Corneal Clouding and Viral Clearance following Vaccinia Virus Infection in C57BL/6 Mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (14) ◽  
pp. 6557-6572 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Larsen ◽  
H. Clausius ◽  
A. W. Kolb ◽  
C. R. Brandt
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Vaccinia Virus ◽  
Ocular Disease ◽  
T Cell Subsets ◽  
Ocular Infection ◽  
Corneal Clouding ◽  
Simplex Virus

ABSTRACTVaccinia virus (VACV) keratitis is a serious complication following smallpox vaccination and can lead to blindness. The pathological mechanisms involved in ocular VACV infection are poorly understood. Previous studies have used rabbits, but the lack of immune reagents and transgenic or knockout animals makes them less suitable for mechanistic studies. We report that infection of C57BL/6 mice with 1 × 107PFU of vaccinia virus strain WR results in blepharitis, corneal neovascularization, and stromal keratitis. The DryVax strain of VACV was completely attenuated. Infection required corneal scarification and replication-competent virus, and the severity of ocular disease was similar in 4- to 6-week-old and 1-year-old mice. Viral titers peaked at approximately 1 × 106PFU on day 5 postinfection, and virus had not cleared by day 13 postinfection. Neutrophils were found in the peripheral cornea on day 1 after infection and then declined, followed by infiltration of both CD4+and CD8+T cells, which remained peripheral throughout the infection. Blood vessel growth extended 2 to 5 mm into the cornea from the limbus. Infection of CD4−/−, CD8−/−, or antibody-depleted mice resulted in similar disease severity and corneal clouding, indicating that both T-cell subsets were involved in the immunopathological response. Depletion of both CD4+and CD8+T cells resulted in significantly more severe disease and failure to clear the virus. On the basis of our results, the pathology of VACV keratitis is significantly different from that of herpes simplex virus keratitis. Further studies are likely to reveal novel information regarding virulence and immune responses to viral ocular infection.IMPORTANCEPotentially blinding eye infections can occur after vaccination for smallpox. Very little is known about the pathological mechanisms that are involved, and the information that is available was generated using rabbit models. The lack of immunological reagents for rabbits makes such studies difficult. We characterized a mouse model of vaccinia virus ocular disease using C57BL/6 mice and strain WR and show that both CD4+and CD8+T-cell subsets play a role in the blinding eye disease and in controlling virus replication. On the basis of these results, vaccinia virus keratitis is significantly different from herpes simplex virus keratitis, and further studies using this model should generate novel insights into immunopathological responses to viral ocular infection.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a peptidomimetic ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor with a murine model of herpes simplex virus type 1 ocular disease.

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1078-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
C R Brandt ◽  
B Spencer ◽  
P Imesch ◽  
M Garneau ◽  
R Déziel
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Ribonucleotide Reductase ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus Type ◽  
Ocular Infection ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

The ribonucleotide reductase (RR) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is an important virulence factor, being required for neurovirulence, ocular virulence, and reactivation from latency. The RR activity requires the association of two distinct homodimeric subunits, and the association of the subunits is inhibited in the presence of a peptide homologous to the carboxy terminus of the small subunit. A structural analog of the inhibitory peptide (BILD 1263) has been shown to inhibit the replication of HSV-1 at micromolar concentrations in vitro. We used a mouse model of HSV-1 ocular infection to determine the in vivo efficacy of topical BILD 1263. Treatment of HSV-1 KOS-infected mice resulted in significant reductions in the severity and incidence of stromal keratitis and corneal neovascularization. At higher concentrations (5%) BILD 1263 reduced the severity but not the incidence of blepharitis. Treatment with 5% BILD 1263 also reduced viral shedding from the cornea by 10- to 14-fold (P < 0.001). In uninfected mice treated with 5% BILD 1263, we found no evidence of corneal epithelial damage, conjunctivitis, or blepharitis, and histopathological studies revealed no changes in the corneas of these mice. These results show that the peptidomimetic RR inhibitor BILD 1263 is effective in preventing disease, has an antiviral effect in vivo, and has little or no toxicity.

scholarly journals Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Evades the Effects of Antibody and Complement In Vivo

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (18) ◽  
pp. 9232-9241 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Lubinski ◽  
Ming Jiang ◽  
Lauren Hook ◽  
Yueh Chang ◽  
Chad Sarver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus Type ◽  
Complement Components ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACT Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encodes a complement-interacting glycoprotein, gC, and an immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc binding glycoprotein, gE, that mediate immune evasion by affecting multiple aspects of innate and acquired immunity, including interfering with complement components C1q, C3, C5, and properdin and blocking antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Previous studies evaluated the individual contributions of gC and gE to immune evasion. Experiments in a murine model that examines the combined effects of gC and gE immune evasion on pathogenesis are now reported. Virulence of wild-type HSV-1 is compared with mutant viruses defective in gC-mediated C3 binding, gE-mediated IgG Fc binding, or both immune evasion activities. Eliminating both activities greatly increased susceptibility of HSV-1 to antibody and complement neutralization in vitro and markedly reduced virulence in vivo as measured by disease scores, virus titers, and mortality. Studies with C3 knockout mice indicated that other activities attributed to these glycoproteins, such as gC-mediated virus attachment to heparan sulfate or gE-mediated cell-to-cell spread, do not account for the reduced virulence of mutant viruses. The results support the importance of gC and gE immune evasion in vivo and suggest potential new targets for prevention and treatment of HSV disease.

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