scholarly journals Implications of Limited Thermophilicity of Nitrite Reduction for Control of Sulfide Production in Oil Reservoirs

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (14) ◽  
pp. 4190-4199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tekle Tafese Fida ◽  
Chuan Chen ◽  
Gloria Okpala ◽  
Gerrit Voordouw
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Reduction ◽  
Nitrite Reduction ◽  
Oil Fields ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Subsequent Reduction ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Reduction Activity ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite ◽  
Reducing Bacteria

ABSTRACTNitrate reduction to nitrite in oil fields appears to be more thermophilic than the subsequent reduction of nitrite. Concentrated microbial consortia from oil fields reduced both nitrate and nitrite at 40 and 45°C but only nitrate at and above 50°C. The abundance of thenirSgene correlated with mesophilic nitrite reduction activity.ThaueraandPseudomonaswere the dominant mesophilic nitrate-reducing bacteria (mNRB), whereasPetrobacterandGeobacilluswere the dominant thermophilic NRB (tNRB) in these consortia. The mNRBThauerasp. strain TK001, isolated in this study, reduced nitrate and nitrite at 40 and 45°C but not at 50°C, whereas the tNRBPetrobactersp. strain TK002 andGeobacillussp. strain TK003 reduced nitrate to nitrite but did not reduce nitrite further from 50 to 70°C. Testing of 12 deposited pure cultures of tNRB with 4 electron donors indicated reduction of nitrate in 40 of 48 and reduction of nitrite in only 9 of 48 incubations. Nitrate is injected into high-temperature oil fields to prevent sulfide formation (souring) by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), which are strongly inhibited by nitrite. Injection of cold seawater to produce oil creates mesothermic zones. Our results suggest that preventing the temperature of these zones from dropping below 50°C will limit the reduction of nitrite, allowing more effective souring control.IMPORTANCENitrite can accumulate at temperatures of 50 to 70°C, because nitrate reduction extends to higher temperatures than the subsequent reduction of nitrite. This is important for understanding the fundamentals of thermophilicity and for the control of souring in oil fields catalyzed by SRB, which are strongly inhibited by nitrite.

Nitrate reduction and nitrogenase activity in Spirillum lipoferum

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos A. Neyra ◽  
Peter Van Berkum
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Reduction ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Nitrite Reduction ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Nitrite Accumulation ◽  
Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite ◽  
Anaerobic Pretreatment

Nitrate and nitrite reduction under aerobic, microaerophillic, and anaerobic conditions was demonstrated in Spirillum lipoferum (ATCC 29145). Nitrite did not accumulate during assimilatory nitrate reduction in air. The nitrite produced during dissimilatory nitrate reduction accumulated in the medium but not in the cells. On exposure of the bacteria to nitrate and anaerobiosis, a low initial rate (lag) was followed by accelerated rates of nitrite accumulation. A 3-h anaerobic pretreatment, in the absence of nitrate, did not avoid the lag phase. No nitrate reductase activity (NRA) developed in the presence of chloramphenicol. The data suggest that induction of anaerobic NRA in S. lipoferum required nitrate and protein synthesis.Anaerobic N2ase activity by S. lipoferum was greatly stimulated in the presence of nitrate. The time course of nitrate reduction was coincidental with the pattern of nitrate-stimulated N2ase activity indicating that a relationship exists between these two processes.

scholarly journals Glycerol-driven Denitratation: Process Kinetics, Microbial Ecology, and Operational Controls

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew P. Baideme ◽  
Chenghua Long ◽  
Luke T. Plante ◽  
Jeffrey A. Starke ◽  
Michael A. Butkus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Microbial Ecology ◽  
Nitrate Reduction ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Selective Reduction ◽  
Nitrite Reduction ◽  
Nitrite Accumulation ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite

ABSTRACTDenitratation, the selective reduction of nitrate to nitrite, is a novel process when coupled with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) could achieve resource-efficient biological nitrogen removal of ammonium- and nitrate-laden waste streams. Using a fundamentally-based, first principles approach, this study optimized a stoichiometrically-limited, glycerol-driven denitratation process and characterized mechanisms supporting nitrite accumulation with results that aligned with expectations. Glycerol supported selective nitrate reduction to nitrite and near-complete nitrate conversion, indicating its viability in a denitratation system. Glycerol-supported specific rates of nitrate reduction (135.3 mg-N/g-VSS/h) were at least one order of magnitude greater than specific rates of nitrite reduction (14.9 mg-N/g-VSS/h), potentially resulting in transient nitrite accumulation and indicating glycerol’s superiority over other organic carbon sources in denitratation systems. pH and ORP inflection points in nitrogen transformation assays corresponded to maximum nitrite accumulation, indicating operational setpoints to prevent further nitrite reduction. Denitratation conditions supported enrichment of Thauera sp. as the dominant genus. Stoichiometric limitation of influent organic carbon, coupled with differential nitrate and nitrite reduction kinetics, optimized operational controls, and a distinctively enriched microbial ecology, was identified as causal in glycerol-driven denitratation.

Biological Cr(VI) reduction in indigenous sludge cultures from Gauteng, South Africa

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 177-184
Author(s):  
P.E. Molokwanne ◽  
E.M.N. Chirwa
Keyword(s):  
Pure Culture ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Packed Bed ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Packed Bed Bioreactor ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Primary Sludge ◽  
Reduction Activity ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Reducing Bacteria

The Cr(VI) reducing capability of an acclimated indigenous culture cultivated from primary sludge was evaluated in batch and packed-bed bioreactor systems. Performance evaluation was carried out in unmodified cultures, cultures modified by substituting terminal organisms in the consortium by a known Cr(VI)-reducing organism (Escherichia coli ATCC 33456), and pure cultures of Cr(VI)-reducing organisms. A high Cr(VI) reduction rate was observed in modified cultures and in the pure culture of the Cr(VI)-reducing bacteria (Bacillus sp.). Furthermore, the Bacillus sp. pure culture outperformed both the unmodified and modified consortium cultures in reducing Cr(VI). Abiotic Cr(VI) reduction activity was evaluated in heat-killed and azide (N3−) inactivated control cultures. No significant Cr(VI) reduction was observed in the controls. This study is part of the continuing research to identify synergistic culture systems for treating toxic compounds from polluted environments.

scholarly journals Isotopic fractionation associated to nitrate attenuation by ferrous iron containing minerals

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 12013
Author(s):  
Rosanna Margalef-Marti ◽  
Raul Carrey ◽  
Albert Soler ◽  
Neus Otero
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Reduction ◽  
Ferrous Iron ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Isotopic Fractionation ◽  
Rapid Decrease ◽  
Nitrite Reduction ◽  
N2o Production ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite ◽  
N Compounds

Biotic and abiotic laboratory experiments of nitrate and nitrite reduction by Fe-containing minerals were performed and the isotopic fractionation of the different reactions was calculated in order to determine whether it is possible to distinguish biotic and abiotic reactions involving N compounds. Results of biotic experiments showed nitrate reduction up to 96 % with transient NO2- accumulation and no significant N2O production. No significant nitrate attenuation was observed in abiotic nitrate reduction experiments. Abiotic experiments of nitrite reduction showed a rapid decrease in nitrite concentrations in those experiments with added Fe2+ coupled with a significant N2O production. Preliminary results of the N and O isotopic fractionation of the biotic experiments of nitrate reduction show differences in the ε15NNO3 and ε18ONO3 when different minerals were added. The abiotic experiments of nitrite reduction contrarily, showed similar ε15NNO2 in all the experiments.

EFFECT OF ACCLIMATION TO HIGH NITRATE INTAKES ON SOME RUMEN FERMENTATION PARAMETERS IN SHEEP

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 841-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. ALABOUDI ◽  
G. A. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Reduction ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Nitrite Reduction ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite

Four sheep, fed a basal diet which included 44% cereal grain and 50% hay and which was supplemented with KNO3, were progressively acclimated to a KNO3 intake of 2.5 g∙kg body wt−1∙day−1. Nitrate and nitrite reducing activity in strained rumen fluid (SRF) collected 2 h after feeding showed maximum values of 45.3 μg N∙mL−1∙h−1 and 39.4 μg N∙mL−1∙h−1, respectively, at an intake of 1.5 g∙kg body wt−1∙day−1. The rate of nitrate reduction was threefold higher (P < 0.01), and that of nitrite reduction fivefold higher (P < 0.01), than in SRF from sheep not receiving KNO3. When the KNO3 supplement was withdrawn the reducing activities fell to their initial levels within 3 wk. In a second experiment, nitrate, nitrite and volatile fatty acids in SRF, and methemoglobin in peripheral blood, were estimated at 30-min intervals after feeding in four sheep, two of which received 1.5 g KNO3∙kg body wt−1∙day−1. In the animals fed KNO3 the peak concentration of nitrate in SRF (13.30 μg NO3−–N∙mL−1) was reached 30 min after feeding, and that of nitrite (2.90 μg NO2−–N∙mL−1) 60 min after feeding; the presence of nitrate in SRF was associated with an increase in the molar proportion of acetate (P < 0.01) and a decrease in the proportion of n-butyrate (P < 0.01). The blood methemoglobin concentration did not exceed 2% (wt/wt) of total hemoglobin at any sampling time. In these animals 30–35 g KNO3 cleared the rumen within 3 h after feeding with no symptoms of nitrate toxicity. Enumeration of rumen bacteria by a direct isolation procedure indicated that the proportion of nitrate reducers in SRF was threefold higher (P < 0.01) in acclimated animals than in control animals. It was concluded that safe acclimation of sheep to high levels of dietary nitrate involved an increase in the rates of nitrate and nitrite reduction in the rumen, a narrowing of the ratio of these activities, and an increase in the proportion of nitrate reducing rumen bacteria. The residual effect of nitrate on the fermentation following clearance from the rumen was short-lived. Key words: Rumen fermentation, sheep, nitrate toxicity, nitrate reduction, nitrite reduction, rumen bacteria

scholarly journals Characterization and Electrochemical Behaviour of Nanoscale Hydrotalcite-Like Compounds toward the Reduction of Nitrate

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1926
Author(s):  
Liang Li ◽  
Junhao Yang ◽  
Yafeng Yun ◽  
Shouxun Hu ◽  
Yuanxing Huang
Keyword(s):  
Electrocatalytic Activity ◽  
Nitrate Reduction ◽  
Electrochemical Behaviour ◽  
Nitrite Reduction ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Jahn Teller ◽  
Jahn Teller Effect ◽  
Constant Potential ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite ◽  
Two Peaks

In this research, nano Cu/Al–HTLCs, Co/Al–HTLCs and Cu/Co/Al–HTLCs were synthesized, characterized, and tested in electrolytic reduction nitrate. Experimental results showed that Cu/Al–HTLCs were less stable than Co/Al–HTLCs due to the Jahn–Teller effect. However, electrocatalytic activity of copper was superior to that of cobalt; thus, Cu/Co/Al–HTLCs were selected based on their stable crystalline structure and electrochemical activity. The optimized Cu2CoAl–HTLC was highly active in nitrate reduction, with two peaks for nitrate and nitrite reduction, respectively. Ammonia, nitrite and N-containing gases were found to be the final products of constant potential electrolysis at −0.54 and −0.74 V.

Effect of Herbicides on In Vivo Nitrate and Nitrite Reduction

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.L. Finke ◽  
R.L. Warner ◽  
T.J. Muzik
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Nitrate Reductase ◽  
Nitrate Reduction ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Nitrite Reduction ◽  
Nitrite Accumulation ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Potassium Azide ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite

The effects of herbicides on in vivo nitrate and nitrite reduction were determined by vacuum infiltrating sections of barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) or bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) leaves with solutions containing nitrate and herbicides. Herbicides causing a reduction of nitrite accumulation in the dark were considered to have inhibitory effects upon nitrate reduction and those causing an accumulation of nitrite in the light were considered to inhibit nitrite reduction. Only dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) and potassium azide significantly reduced nitrate reduction in both barley and bean. All of the herbicides which inhibit photosynthesis inhibited nitrite reduction but had no significant effect on nitrate reduction in barley and bean. Nitrite reduction in an atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] resistant pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) biotype was not affected by any triazine tested. However, these triazines significantly inhibited nitrite reduction in barley, bean, and the susceptible pigweed biotype. The results suggest that the in vivo nitrate reductase technique may be a useful technique for identifying chemicals which inhibit the flow of electrons to ferredoxin, thereby inhibiting nitrite reduction in light.

scholarly journals Enhanced Alcaligenes faecalis Denitrification Rate with Electrodes as the Electron Donor

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (16) ◽  
pp. 5387-5394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Wang ◽  
Ping Yu ◽  
Cuiping Zeng ◽  
Hongrui Ding ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Donor ◽  
Nitrate Reduction ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Alcaligenes Faecalis ◽  
Denitrification Rate ◽  
Nitrite Reduction ◽  
Hydrogen Electrode ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Normal Hydrogen Electrode ◽  
Normal Hydrogen

ABSTRACTThe utilization byAlcaligenes faecalisof electrodes as the electron donor for denitrification was investigated in this study. The denitrification rate ofA. faecaliswith a poised potential was greatly enhanced compared with that of the controls without poised potentials. For nitrate reduction, althoughA. faecaliscould not reduce nitrate, at three poised potentials of +0.06, −0.06, and −0.15 V (versus normal hydrogen electrode [NHE]), the nitrate was partially reduced with −0.15- and −0.06-V potentials at rates of 17.3 and 28.5 mg/liter/day, respectively. The percentages of reduction for −0.15 and −0.06 V were 52.4 and 30.4%, respectively. Meanwhile, for nitrite reduction, the poised potentials greatly enhanced the nitrite reduction. The nitrite reduction rates for three poised potentials (−0.06, −0.15, and −0.30 V) were 1.98, 4.37, and 3.91 mg/liter/h, respectively. When the potentials were cut off, the nitrite reduction rate was maintained for 1.5 h (from 2.3 to 2.25 mg/liter/h) and then greatly decreased, and the reduction rate (0.38 mg/liter/h) was about 1/6 compared with the rate (2.3 mg/liter/h) when potential was on. Then the potentials resumed, but the reduction rate did not resume and was only 2 times higher than the rate when the potential was off.

Dinitrogen-fixing bacteria: computer-assisted identification of soil isolates

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1275-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Rennie
Keyword(s):  
Data Base ◽  
Nitrite Reduction ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Data Bases ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Agricultural Ecosystems ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite ◽  
Reducing Bacteria

Dinitrogen-fixing (acetylene-reducing) bacteria may be readily isolated from soils but extensive biochemical or immunological testing, or both, are required to identify them absolutely. A computer-assisted scheme for identification of nine genera of dinitrogen-fixing bacteria was developed and tested. The computer program is based on interpretation of the 70 biochemical tests of the API 20E and 50E, supplemented with tests for acetylene reduction, nitrate and nitrite reduction, catalase, oxidase, motility, and growth on MacConkey's bile salt medium. Dinitrogen-fixing Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, and Erwinia herbicola) were accurately identified using the data base in the API analytical profile index. Nonenteric dinitrogen-fixing bacteria (Azotobacter spp., Azospirillum spp., Derxia sp., Rhodospirillum sp., Clostridium sp., and Bacillus spp.) were subjected to these tests to form a new data base for these bacteria. The API tests agreed with standard biochemical tests commonly used to identify these bacteria, were reproducible with time, and were sufficiently unique to permit accurate identification of each species. The use of the API 20E and 50E tests plus the additional seven tests with these known data bases permitted rapid and precise identification of acetylene-reducing bacteria from various agricultural ecosystems.

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