Isolation of Two Polyketide Synthase Gene Fragments from the Uncultured Microbial Symbiont of the Marine Bryozoan Bugula neritina

ABSTRACT “Candidatus Endobugula sertula,” the uncultured microbial symbiont of the bryozoan Bugula neritina, produces ecologically and biomedically important polyketide metabolites called bryostatins. We isolated two gene fragments from B. neritina larvae that have high levels of similarity to polyketide synthase genes. These gene fragments are clearly associated with the symbiont and not with the host.

Download Full-text

“Candidatus Endobugula glebosa,” a Specific Bacterial Symbiont of the Marine Bryozoan Bugula simplex

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.70.8.4921-4929.2004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 70 (8) ◽

pp. 4921-4929 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Grace E. Lim ◽

Margo G. Haygood

Keyword(s):

Polyketide Synthase ◽

Human Cancer ◽

Taxonomic Status ◽

Bacterial Symbiont ◽

Gene Fragment ◽

Bugula Neritina ◽

Cancer Treatments ◽

Long Rod ◽

Endobugula Sertula

ABSTRACT The bryozoans Bugula neritina and Bugula simplex harbor bacteria in the pallial sinuses of their larvae as seen by electron microscopy. In B. neritina, the bacterial symbiont has been characterized as a gamma-proteobacterium, “Candidatus Endobugula sertula.” “Candidatus E. sertula” has been implicated as the source of the bryostatins, polyketides that provide chemical defense to the host and are also being tested for use in human cancer treatments. In this study, the bacterial symbiont in B. simplex larvae was identified by 16S rRNA-targeted PCR and sequencing as a gamma-proteobacterium closely related to and forming a monophyletic group with “Candidatus E. sertula.” In a fluorescence in situ hybridization, a 16S ribosomal DNA probe specific to the B. simplex symbiont hybridized to long rod-shaped bacteria in the pallial sinus of a B. simplex larva. The taxonomic status “Candidatus Endobugula glebosa” is proposed for the B. simplex larval symbiont. Degenerate polyketide synthase (PKS) primers amplified a gene fragment from B. simplex that closely matched a PKS gene fragment from the bryostatin PKS cluster. PCR surveys show that the symbiont and this PKS gene fragment are consistently and uniquely associated with B. simplex. Bryostatin activity assays and chemical analyses of B. simplex extracts reveal the presence of compounds similar to bryostatins. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a symbiosis in B. simplex that is similar and evolutionarily related to that in B. neritina.

Download Full-text

Identification of the Putative Bryostatin Polyketide Synthase Gene Cluster from “CandidatusEndobugula sertula”, the Uncultivated Microbial Symbiont of the Marine BryozoanBugula neritina

Journal of Natural Products ◽

10.1021/np060361d ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 67-74 ◽

Cited By ~ 243

Author(s):

Sebastian Sudek ◽

Nicole B. Lopanik ◽

Laura E. Waggoner ◽

Mark Hildebrand ◽

Christine Anderson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Cluster ◽

Polyketide Synthase ◽

Microbial Symbiont ◽

Polyketide Synthase Gene

Download Full-text

pks63787, a Polyketide Synthase Gene Responsible for the Biosynthesis of Benzenoids in the Medicinal Mushroom Antrodia cinnamomea

Journal of Natural Products ◽

10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00798 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 79 (6) ◽

pp. 1485-1491 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Po-Wei Yu ◽

Ya-Chih Chang ◽

Ruey-Fen Liou ◽

Tzong-Huei Lee ◽

Shean-Shong Tzean

Keyword(s):

Polyketide Synthase ◽

Medicinal Mushroom ◽

Antrodia Cinnamomea ◽

Polyketide Synthase Gene

Download Full-text

Expression of a gfp gene in Penicillium nordicum under control of the promoter of the ochratoxin A polyketide synthase gene

International Journal of Food Microbiology ◽

10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.05.016 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 133 (1-2) ◽

pp. 161-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Markus Schmidt-Heydt ◽

Tobias Schunck ◽

Rolf Geisen

Keyword(s):

Ochratoxin A ◽

Polyketide Synthase ◽

Gfp Gene ◽

Penicillium Nordicum ◽

Polyketide Synthase Gene

Download Full-text

Identification of a putative polyketide synthase gene involved in usnic acid biosynthesis in the lichen Nephromopsis pallescens

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0199110 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. e0199110 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Yi Wang ◽

Changan Geng ◽

Xiaolong Yuan ◽

Mei Hua ◽

Fenghua Tian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polyketide Synthase ◽

Usnic Acid ◽

Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Polyketide Synthase Gene

Download Full-text

Identification of a polyketide synthase gene ( pksP ) of Aspergillus fumigatus involved in conidial pigment biosynthesis and virulence

Medical Microbiology and Immunology ◽

10.1007/s004300050077 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 187 (2) ◽

pp. 79-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 203

Author(s):

K. Langfelder ◽

Bernhard Jahn ◽

Heike Gehringer ◽

Axel Schmidt ◽

Gerhard Wanner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽

Polyketide Synthase ◽

Polyketide Synthase Gene ◽

Pigment Biosynthesis

Download Full-text

Effects of 5-azacytidine-induced DNA demethylation on polyketide synthase gene expression in larvae of sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius

Biotechnology Letters ◽

10.1007/s10529-016-2191-3 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 38 (12) ◽

pp. 2035-2041 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. P. Tyunin ◽

N. V. Ageenko ◽

K. V. Kiselev

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Sea Urchin ◽

Polyketide Synthase ◽

Dna Demethylation ◽

Strongylocentrotus Intermedius ◽

Polyketide Synthase Gene

Download Full-text

Targeting polyketide synthase gene pool within actinomycetes: new degenerate primers

Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology ◽

10.1007/s10295-006-0080-9 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 423-430 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Miloje Savic ◽

Branka Vasiljevic

Keyword(s):

Gene Pool ◽

Polyketide Synthase ◽

Degenerate Primers ◽

Polyketide Synthase Gene

Download Full-text

The Fusarium verticillioides FUM Gene Cluster Encodes a Zn(II)2Cys6 Protein That Affects FUM Gene Expression and Fumonisin Production

Eukaryotic Cell ◽

10.1128/ec.00400-06 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 6 (7) ◽

pp. 1210-1218 ◽

Cited By ~ 137

Author(s):

Daren W. Brown ◽

Robert A. E. Butchko ◽

Mark Busman ◽

Robert H. Proctor

Keyword(s):

Gene Cluster ◽

Polyketide Synthase ◽

Fusarium Verticillioides ◽

Gene Clusters ◽

Biosynthetic Gene Cluster ◽

Regulatory Proteins ◽

Wild Type ◽

Polyketide Synthase Gene ◽

Splice Forms ◽

Self Protection

ABSTRACT Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by some Fusarium species and can contaminate maize or maize products. Ingestion of fumonisins is associated with diseases, including cancer and neural tube defects, in humans and animals. In fungi, genes involved in the synthesis of mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites are often located adjacent to each other in gene clusters. Such genes can encode structural enzymes, regulatory proteins, and/or proteins that provide self-protection. The fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster includes 16 genes, none of which appear to play a role in regulation. In this study, we identified a previously undescribed gene (FUM21) located adjacent to the fumonisin polyketide synthase gene, FUM1. The presence of a Zn(II)2Cys6 DNA-binding domain in the predicted protein suggested that FUM21 was involved in transcriptional regulation. FUM21 deletion (Δfum21) mutants produce little to no fumonisin in cracked maize cultures but some FUM1 and FUM8 transcripts in a liquid GYAM medium. Complementation of a Δfum21 mutant with a wild-type copy of the gene restored fumonisin production. Analysis of FUM21 cDNAs identified four alternative splice forms (ASFs), and microarray analysis indicated the ASFs were differentially expressed. Based on these data, we present a model for how FUM21 ASFs may regulate fumonisin biosynthesis.

Download Full-text