Temporal Variability of Coastal Planctomycetes Clades at Kabeltonne Station, North Sea
ABSTRACTMembers of the bacterial phylumPlanctomycetesare reported in marine water samples worldwide, but quantitative information is scarce. Here we investigated the phylogenetic diversity, abundance, and distribution ofPlanctomycetesin surface waters off the German North Sea island Helgoland during different seasons by 16S rRNA gene analysis and catalyzed reporter deposition fluorescencein situhybridization (CARD-FISH). GenerallyPlanctomycetesare more abundant in samples collected in summer and autumn than in samples collected in winter and spring. Statistical analysis revealed thatPlanctomycetesabundance was correlated to theCentralesdiatom bloom in spring 2007. The analysis of size-fractionated seawater samples and of macroaggregates showed that ∼90% of thePlanctomycetesreside in the >3-μm size fraction. Comparative sequence analysis of 184 almost full-length 16S rRNA genes revealed three dominant clades. The clades, namedPlanctomyces-related group A, unculturedPlanctomycetesgroup B, andPirellula-related group D, were monitored by CARD-FISH using newly developed oligonucleotide probes. All three clades showed recurrent abundance patterns during two annual sampling campaigns. UnculturedPlanctomycetesgroup B was most abundant in autumn samples, whilePlanctomyces-related group A was present in high numbers only during late autumn and winter. The levels ofPirellula-related group D were more constant throughout the year, with elevated counts in summer. Our analyses suggest that the seasonal succession of thePlanctomycetesis correlated with algal blooms. We hypothesize that the niche partitioning of the different clades might be caused by their algal substrates.