Epstein-Barr Virus EBNA-3C Is Targeted to and Regulates Expression from the Bidirectional LMP-1/2B Promoter

ABSTRACT Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 3C (EBNA-3C) is essential for EBV-mediated immortalization of human B lymphocytes and regulates both the cell cycle and transcription. Transient reporter gene assays have implicated a pivotal role for EBNA-3C in the regulation of transcription of the majority of latency-associated genes expressed during the EBV growth program, including the viral oncoprotein LMP-1. To examine the regulation of latency gene expression by EBNA-3C, we generated an EBV-positive cell line that inducibly expresses EBNA-3C. This cell line allowed us to examine expression from the endogenous latency gene promoters in the context of an actual latent infection and the presence of other EBNA proteins, in particular EBNA-2, which is presumed to coregulate transcription with EBNA-3C. EBNA-3C induced the expression of both LMP-1 and LMP-2B mRNAs from the bidirectional LMP-1/LMP-2B promoter. In contrast, no effect was seen on expression from the common EBNA promoter Cp, which is responsive to EBNA-3C in reporter assays. Activation of LMP expression was not the consequence of increases in EBNA-2, PU.1 or Spi-B transcription factors, all of which are believed to be critical for activation of LMP-1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays furthermore indicated that EBNA-3C is present at the bidirectional LMP-1/LMP-2B promoter. These results indicate that EBNA-3C directly activates the expression of LMP-1 and LMP-2B but is unlikely to significantly regulate EBNA expression via Cp under normal growth conditions.

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Establishment and characterization of an Epstein-Barr virus transformed cell line with strong phagocytic activity

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v74.1.430.430 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

pp. 430-436 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

P von den Driesch ◽

R Bhardwaj ◽

HD Flad ◽

DC Neugebauer ◽

HJ Pielken ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Line ◽

Phagocytic Activity ◽

Antigen Processing ◽

Epstein Barr Virus ◽

Interleukin 1 ◽

Immunoglobulin M ◽

Nuclear Antigen ◽

Barr Virus ◽

Transformed Cell Line ◽

Epstein Barr

Abstract An immunoglobulin M (IgM)-positive cell line, Ms 28, apparently spontaneously transformed by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was established from peripheral blood cells of a patient with immature myeloblastic leukemia. It has been characterized according to phenotype, cytochemistry, and membrane antigen pattern. The cell line expresses lymphoid markers like CD 19, CD 22, and CD 30 and synthesizes and secretes IgM. Monocyte markers CD 11c, CD 14, and CD 15 are absent. Neither interleukin-1 (IL-1), nor tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) are produced. But Ms 28 cells show strong phagocytic activity and engulf Latex particles and sheep RBCs (SRBCs) that need not to be opsonized. The phagocytic activity can be inhibited by chloroquine. Both phagocytosis and EBV nuclear-antigen (EBNA) expression can be observed in one and the same cell. Ms 28 cells might be useful to study immunologic activities like antigen processing and presentation.

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Characterization of naturally Epstein–Barr virus-infected gastric carcinoma cell line YCCEL1

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/vir.0.045237-0 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 94 (3) ◽

pp. 497-506 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Do Nyun Kim ◽

Min Koo Seo ◽

Hoyun Choi ◽

Su Yeon Kim ◽

Hee Jong Shin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Line ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Blot Analysis ◽

Epstein Barr Virus ◽

Model Systems ◽

Nuclear Antigen ◽

Gastric Carcinoma Cell ◽

Barr Virus ◽

Epstein Barr

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a herpesvirus associated with lymphomas and carcinomas. While EBV-associated epithelial cell lines are good model systems to investigate the role of EBV in carcinoma, only a few cell lines are available as they are hard to acquire. A greater variety of naturally EBV-infected cell lines which are derived from tumour patients are needed to represent various features of EBVaGC. We characterized cell line YCCEL1, established from a Korean EBVaGC patient, to ascertain whether it can be used to study the roles of EBV in EBVaGC. The expression of EBV genes and cell surface markers was examined by in situ hybridization, RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence assay and Northern blot analysis. EBV episomal status was analysed by Southern blotting and real-time PCR. This cell line expressed EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), but not EBNA2, LMP2B nor LMP1. The majority of the lytic proteins were not detected in YCCEL1 cells either before or after treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. YCCEL1 cells expressed BART microRNAs (miRNAs) at high level but did not express BHRF1 miRNAs. YCCEL1 cells expressed cytokeratin, but not CD21 and CD19, suggesting CD21-independent EBV infection. The latent EBV gene and EBV miRNA expression pattern of YCCEL1 cells closely resembled that of general EBVaGC cases. Our results support the value of YCCEL1 cells as a good model system to study the role of EBV in gastric carcinogenesis.

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Establishment of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated nuclear antigen (EBNA)-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma hybrid cell line (NPC-KT)

Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology ◽

10.1007/bf00454266 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 239 (1) ◽

pp. 87-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

T. Takimoto ◽

M. Kamide ◽

R. Umeda

Keyword(s):

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ◽

Cell Line ◽

Epstein Barr Virus ◽

Hybrid Cell ◽

Hybrid Cell Line ◽

Nuclear Antigen ◽

Barr Virus ◽

Epstein Barr

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Lymphoma cell line (FL-18) and Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cell line (FL-18-EB) obtained from a patient with follicular lymphoma: monoclonal derivation and different properties

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v70.5.1619.1619 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 70 (5) ◽

pp. 1619-1623 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

S Doi ◽

H Ohno ◽

E Tatsumi ◽

Y Arita ◽

H Kamesaki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pleural Effusion ◽

B Cell ◽

Cell Line ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Epstein Barr Virus ◽

Nuclear Antigen ◽

Chain Gene ◽

Light Chain Gene ◽

Barr Virus ◽

Epstein Barr

Abstract A novel cell line, FL-18, was established from the pleural effusion of a patient with follicular small cleaved cell lymphoma. At the same time, an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen (EBNA)-positive cell line, FL-18-EB, was established from the EBV-infected culture of the same pleural effusion cells. Both cell lines had the same monoclonal surface immunoglobulin (IgG kappa), and they had the same karyotype as that of the fresh pleural effusion cells in which a reciprocal translocation between the long arm of chromosomes 14 and 18 [t(14;18)(q32;q21)] was detected. Gene rearrangement analysis of immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene (JH) and kappa light-chain gene (J kappa) showed the same rearranged configuration in the two cell lines; however, some morphological and phenotypic differences were found. The FL-18-EB cells, which were morphologically similar to common EBNA- positive lymphoblastoid cell lines of normal B cell origin at the initial phase of culture, were larger than the FL-18 cells and contained multinucleated giant cells. The FL-18 cells lacked cytoplasmic immunoglobulin and were positive for common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA), whereas the FL-18-EB cells had cytoplasmic immunoglobulin and were negative for CALLA. Thus, the phenotype of FL-18-EB seems to be a result of a shift by EBV infection to a more mature stage in the B cell differentiation pathway than that of FL-18. The paired availability of EBV-free and EBV-infected cell lines of a neoplastic clone is unique and valuable in considering EBV infectibility of neoplastic B cells and resultant phenotypic changes.

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An Adenovirus Type 5 (Ad5) Amplicon-Based Packaging Cell Line for Production of High-Capacity Helper-Independent ΔE1-E2-E3-E4 Ad5 Vectors

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.79.10.6400-6409.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 79 (10) ◽

pp. 6400-6409 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Daniele Catalucci ◽

Elisabetta Sporeno ◽

Agostino Cirillo ◽

Gennaro Ciliberto ◽

Alfredo Nicosia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Line ◽

Epstein Barr Virus ◽

Nuclear Antigen ◽

Stable Cell Line ◽

Packaging Cell Line ◽

Barr Virus ◽

Packaging Cell ◽

Early Region ◽

Orf6 Gene ◽

Epstein Barr

ABSTRACT Production of multiply deleted adenoviral (Ad) vectors with increased cloning capacity and reduced immunogenicity to adenovirus gene products requires the concomitant generation of efficient packaging cell lines. High expression levels of the complementing genes must be achieved in a coordinated fashion with viral replication. This is a particularly difficult task in light of the significant cytotoxicity displayed by adenoviral proteins. To this end, we developed a novel adenovirus-based amplicon with an Epstein-Barr virus origin of replication, Ad type 5 (Ad5) inverted terminal repeats, all Ad5 early region 2 (E2) genes, and the early region 4 (E4) open reading frame 6 (ORF6) under the control of a tetracycline-dependent promoter. The amplicon (pE2) was stably maintained in multiple copies in the nuclei of 293 cells stably expressing the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and allowed replication as a linear DNA upon induction of E2 and ORF6 gene expression. A stable cell line (2E2) was generated by introducing pE2 into 293EBNATet cells expressing the tetracycline-dependent transcriptional silencer and the reverse Tet transactivator (rtTA2). Upon induction with doxicycline, 2E2 cells produced higher levels of polymerase, precursor terminal protein (pTP), and DNA binding protein than noninduced 2E2 cells infected with first-generation Ad5 vector and supported efficient amplification of a multiply deleted Ad5 vector lacking E1, E2, E3, and E4 genes (Ad5ΔE1-4). The high cloning capacity of Ad5ΔE1-4 (up to 12.6 kb) was exploited to construct a vector encoding the entire hepatitis C virus (HCV) polyprotein. Infection of HeLa cells by the resulting vector showed high levels of correctly processed HCV proteins.

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An Epstein-Barr Virus Isolated from a Lymphoblastoid Cell Line Has a 16-Kilobase-Pair Deletion Which Includes gp350 and the Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 3A

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.75.18.8556-8568.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 75 (18) ◽

pp. 8556-8568 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Wonkeun Lee ◽

Yoon-Ha Hwang ◽

Suk-Kyeong Lee ◽

Chitra Subramanian ◽

Erle S. Robertson

Keyword(s):

Cell Line ◽

B Lymphocytes ◽

Epstein Barr Virus ◽

Lymphoblastoid Cell Line ◽

Phorbol Esters ◽

Nuclear Antigen ◽

Barr Virus ◽

Amino Terminal ◽

Epstein Barr

ABSTRACT Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with human cancers, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, gastric carcinoma and, somewhat controversially, breast carcinoma. EBV infects and efficiently transforms human primary B lymphocytes in vitro. A number of EBV-encoded genes are critical for EBV-mediated transformation of human B lymphocytes. In this study we show that an EBV-infected lymphoblastoid cell line obtained from the spontaneous outgrowth of B cells from a leukemia patient contains a deletion, which involves a region of approximately 16 kbp. This deletion encodes major EBV genes involved in both infection and transformation of human primary B lymphocytes and includes the glycoprotein gp350, the entire open reading frame of EBNA3A, and the amino-terminal region of EBNA3B. A fusion protein created by this deletion, which lies between the BMRF1 early antigen and the EBNA3B latent antigen, is truncated immediately downstream of the junction 21 amino acids into the region of the EBNA3B sequence, which is out of frame with respect to the EBNA3B protein sequence, and indicates that EBNA3B is not expressed. The fusion is from EBV coordinate 80299 within the BMRF1 sequence to coordinate 90998 in the EBNA3B sequence. Additionally, we have shown that there is no detectable induction in viral replication observed when SNU-265 is treated with phorbol esters, and no transformants were detected when supernatant is used to infect primary B lymphocytes after 8 weeks in culture. Therefore, we have identified an EBV genome with a major deletion in critical genes involved in mediating EBV infection and the transformation of human primary B lymphocytes that is incompetent for replication of this naturally occurring EBV isolate.

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Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 3C and Prothymosin Alpha Interact with the p300 Transcriptional Coactivator at the CH1 and CH3/HAT Domains and Cooperate in Regulation of Transcription and Histone Acetylation

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.76.10.4699-4708.2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 76 (10) ◽

pp. 4699-4708 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Chitra Subramanian ◽

Sameez Hasan ◽

Martin Rowe ◽

Michael Hottiger ◽

Rama Orre ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Epstein Barr Virus ◽

Nuclear Antigen ◽

Regulation Of Transcription ◽

Transcriptional Coactivator ◽

Prothymosin Alpha ◽

Barr Virus ◽

Amino Terminal ◽

Epstein Barr ◽

Coactivator P300

ABSTRACT The Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 3C (EBNA3C), encoded by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), is essential for mediating transformation of human B lymphocytes. Previous studies demonstrated that EBNA3C interacts with a small, nonhistone, highly acidic, high-mobility group-like nuclear protein prothymosin alpha (ProTα) and the transcriptional coactivator p300 in complexes from EBV-infected cells. These complexes were shown to be associated with histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity in that they were able to acetylate crude histones in vitro. In this report we show that ProTα interacts with p300 similarly to p53 and other known oncoproteins at the CH1 amino-terminal domain as well as at a second domain downstream of the bromodomain which includes the CH3 region and HAT domain. Similarly, EBNA3C also interacts with p300 at regions which include the CH1 and CH3/HAT domains, suggesting that ProTα and EBNAC3C may interact in a complex with p300. We also show that ProTα activates transcription when targeted to promoters by fusion to the GAL4 DNA binding domain and that this activation is enhanced by the addition of an exogenous source of p300 under the control of a heterologous promoter. This overall activity is down-modulated in the presence of EBNA3C. These results further establish the interaction of cellular coactivator p300 with ProTα and demonstrate that the associated activities resulting from this interaction, which plays a role in acetylation of histones and coactivation, can be regulated by EBNA3C. Furthermore, this study establishes for the first time a transcriptional role for ProTα in recruitment or stabilization of coactivator p300, as well as other basal transcription factors, at the nucleosomes for regulation of transcription.

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Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 2 trans-Activates the Cellular Antiapoptotic bfl-1 Gene by a CBF1/RBPJκ-Dependent Pathway

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.00278-06 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 80 (16) ◽

pp. 8133-8144 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Pamela M. Pegman ◽

Sinéad M. Smith ◽

Brendan N. D'Souza ◽

Sinéad T. Loughran ◽

Sabine Maier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

B Cell ◽

Cell Line ◽

Epstein Barr Virus ◽

Nuclear Antigen ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Term Survival ◽

Enhancer Element ◽

Cell Fate Decisions ◽

Barr Virus ◽

Epstein Barr

ABSTRACT The human herpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes latency and promotes the long-term survival of its host B cell by targeting the molecular machinery controlling cell fate decisions. The cellular antiapoptotic bfl-1 gene confers protection from apoptosis under conditions of growth factor deprivation when expressed ectopically in an EBV-negative Burkitt's lymphoma-derived cell line (B. D'Souza, M. Rowe, and D. Walls, J. Virol. 74:6652-6658, 2000), and the EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) and its cellular functional homologue CD40 can both drive bfl-1 via an NF-κB-dependent enhancer element in the bfl-1 promoter (B. N. D'Souza, L. C. Edelstein, P. M. Pegman, S. M. Smith, S. T. Loughran, A. Clarke, A. Mehl, M. Rowe, C. Gélinas, and D. Walls, J. Virol. 78:1800-1816, 2004). Here we show that the EBV nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) also upregulates bfl-1. EBNA2 trans-activation of bfl-1 requires CBF1 (or RBP-Jκ), a nuclear component of the Notch signaling pathway, and there is an essential role for a core consensus CBF1-binding site on the bfl-1 promoter. trans-activation is dependent on the EBNA2-CBF1 interaction, is modulated by other EBV gene products known to interact with the CBF1 corepressor complex, and does not involve activation of NF-κB. bfl-1 expression is induced and maintained at high levels by the EBV growth program in a lymphoblastoid cell line, and withdrawal of either EBNA2 or LMP1 does not lead to a reduction in bfl-1 mRNA levels in this context, whereas the simultaneous loss of both EBV proteins results in a major decrease in bfl-1 expression. These findings are relevant to our understanding of EBV persistence, its role in malignant disease, and the B-cell developmental process.

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