scholarly journals Replication of Boid Inclusion Body Disease-Associated Arenaviruses Is Temperature Sensitive in both Boid and Mammalian Cells

2014 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 1119-1128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jussi Hepojoki ◽  
Anja Kipar ◽  
Yegor Korzyukov ◽  
Lesley Bell-Sakyi ◽  
Olli Vapalahti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Inclusion Body ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusion ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
The Body ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Inclusion Body Disease ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

ABSTRACTBoid inclusion body disease (BIDB) is a fatal disease of boid snakes, the etiology of which has only recently been revealed following the identification of several novel arenaviruses in diseased snakes. BIBD-associated arenaviruses (BIBDAV) are genetically divergent from the classical Old and New World arenaviruses and also differ substantially from each other. Even though there is convincing evidence that BIBDAV are indeed the etiological agent of BIBD, the BIBDAV reservoir hosts—if any exist besides boid snakes themselves—are not yet known. In this report, we use University of Helsinki virus (UHV; a virus that we isolated from aBoa constrictorwith BIBD) to show that BIBDAV can also replicate effectively in mammalian cells, including human cells, provided they are cultured at 30°C. The infection induces the formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IB), comprised mainly of viral nucleoprotein (NP), similar to those observed in BIBD and in boid cell cultures. Transferring infected cells from 30°C to 37°C ambient temperature resulted in progressive declines in IB formation and in the amounts of viral NP and RNA, suggesting that BIBDAV growth is limited at 37°C. These observations indirectly indicate that IB formation is linked to viral replication. In addition to mammalian and reptilian cells, UHV infected arthropod (tick) cells when grown at 30°C. Even though our findings suggest that BIBDAV have a high potential to cross the species barrier, their inefficient growth at mammalian body temperatures indicates that the reservoir hosts of BIBDAV are likely species with a lower body temperature, such as snakes.IMPORTANCEThe newly discovered boid inclusion body disease-associated arenaviruses (BIBDAV) of reptiles have drastically altered the phylogeny of the familyArenavirus. Prior to their discovery, known arenaviruses were considered mainly rodent-borne viruses, with each arenavirus species having its own reservoir host. BIBDAV have so far been demonstrated in captive boid snakes, but their possible reservoir host(s) have not yet been identified. Here we show, using University of Helsinki virus as a model, that these viruses are able to infect mammalian (including human) and arthropod cells. Our results providein vitroproof of the considerable ability of arenaviruses to cross species barriers. However, our data indicate that BIBDAV growth occurs at 30°C but is inhibited at 37°C, implying that crossing of the species barrier would be hindered by the body temperature of mammalian species.

scholarly journals Arenavirus Coinfections Are Common in Snakes with Boid Inclusion Body Disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (16) ◽  
pp. 8657-8660 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hepojoki ◽  
P. Salmenperä ◽  
T. Sironen ◽  
U. Hetzel ◽  
Y. Korzyukov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Next Generation Sequencing ◽  
Inclusion Body ◽  
New Genus ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Sequence Assembly ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Family ◽  
Inclusion Body Disease ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Recently, novel arenaviruses were found in snakes with boid inclusion body disease (BIBD); these form the new genusReptarenaviruswithin the familyArenaviridae. We used next-generation sequencing andde novosequence assembly to investigate reptarenavirus isolates from our previous study. Four of the six isolates and all of the samples from snakes with BIBD contained at least two reptarenavirus species. The viruses sequenced comprise four novel reptarenavirus species and a representative of a new arenavirus genus.

scholarly journals Seasonal Prevalence of Lyme Disease Spirochetes in a Heterothermic Mammal, the Edible Dormouse (Glis glis)

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (12) ◽  
pp. 3615-3621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Fietz ◽  
Jürgen Tomiuk ◽  
Franz-Rainer Matuschka ◽  
Dania Richter
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Glis Glis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Western Germany ◽  
Edible Dormice ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

ABSTRACTIn Europe, dormice serve as competent reservoir hosts for particular genospecies of the tick-borne agent of Lyme disease (LD) and seem to support them more efficiently than do mice or voles. The longevity of edible dormice (Glis glis) and their attractiveness for ticks may result in a predominance of LD spirochetes in ticks questing in dormouse habitats. To investigate the role of edible dormice in the transmission cycle of LD spirochetes, we sampled skin tissue from the ear pinnae of dormice inhabiting five different study sites in south western Germany. Of 501 edible dormice, 12.6% harbored DNA of LD spirochetes. Edible dormice were infected most frequently with the pathogenic LD spirocheteBorrelia afzelii. The DNA ofB. gariniiandB. bavariensiswas detected in ca. 0.5% of the examined individuals. No spirochetal DNA was detectable in the skin of edible dormice until July, 6 weeks after they generally start to emerge from their obligate hibernation. Thereafter, the prevalence of spirochetal DNA in edible dormice increased during the remaining period of their 4 to 5 months of activity, reaching nearly 40% in September. Males were more than four times more likely to harbor LD spirochetes than females, and yearlings were almost twice more likely to be infected than adults. The seasonality of the prevalence of LD spirochetes in edible dormice was pronounced and may affect their role as a reservoir host in respect to other hosts.

scholarly journals Identification of Reptarenaviruses, Hartmaniviruses, and a Novel Chuvirus in Captive Native Brazilian Boa Constrictors with Boid Inclusion Body Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Froner Argenta ◽  
Jussi Hepojoki ◽  
Teemu Smura ◽  
Leonora Szirovicza ◽  
Márcia Elisa Hammerschmitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Body ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Amino Acid Identity ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Family ◽  
Inclusion Body Disease ◽  
Potential Pathogenicity ◽  
Reservoir Hosts ◽  
Eventual Death ◽  
Rule Out

ABSTRACT Boid inclusion body disease (BIBD) is a transmissible viral disease of captive snakes that causes severe losses in snake collections worldwide. It is caused by reptarenavirus infection, which can persist over several years without overt signs but is generally associated with the eventual death of the affected snakes. Thus far, reports have confirmed the existence of reptarenaviruses in captive snakes in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia, but there is no evidence that it also occurs in wild snakes. BIBD affects boa species within the subfamily Boinae and pythons in the family Pythonidae, the habitats of which do not naturally overlap. Here, we studied Brazilian captive snakes with BIBD using a metatranscriptomic approach, and we report the identification of novel reptarenaviruses, hartmaniviruses, and a new species in the family Chuviridae. The reptarenavirus L segments identified are divergent enough to represent six novel species, while we found only a single novel reptarenavirus S segment. Until now, hartmaniviruses had been identified only in European captive boas with BIBD, and the present results increase the number of known hartmaniviruses from four to six. The newly identified chuvirus showed 38.4%, 40.9%, and 48.1% amino acid identity to the nucleoprotein, glycoprotein, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, respectively, of its closest relative, Guangdong red-banded snake chuvirus-like virus. Although we cannot rule out the possibility that the found viruses originated from imported snakes, the results suggest that the viruses could circulate in indigenous snake populations. IMPORTANCE Boid inclusion body disease (BIBD), caused by reptarenavirus infection, affects captive snake populations worldwide, but the reservoir hosts of reptarenaviruses remain unknown. Here, we report the identification of novel reptarenaviruses, hartmaniviruses, and a chuvirus in captive Brazilian boas with BIBD. Three of the four snakes studied showed coinfection with all three viruses, and one of the snakes harbored three novel reptarenavirus L segments and one novel S segment. The samples originated from collections with Brazilian indigenous snakes only, which could indicate that these viruses circulate in wild snakes. The findings could further indicate that boid snakes are the natural reservoir of reptarena- and hartmaniviruses commonly found in captive snakes. The snakes infected with the novel chuvirus all suffered from BIBD; it is therefore not possible to comment on its potential pathogenicity and contribution to the observed changes in the present case material.

scholarly journals Experimental Reptarenavirus Infection of Boa constrictor and Python regius

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Hetzel ◽  
Y. Korzyukov ◽  
S. Keller ◽  
L. Szirovicza ◽  
T. Pesch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Body ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusion ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Python Regius ◽  
Boa Constrictor ◽  
Homologous Virus ◽  
Delivery Routes ◽  
Inclusion Body Disease ◽  
Virus Delivery

Boid inclusion body disease (BIBD) causes losses in captive snake populations globally. BIBD is associated with the formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs), which mainly comprise reptarenavirus nucleoprotein (NP). In 2017, BIBD was reproduced by cardiac injection of boas and pythons with reptarenaviruses, thus demonstrating a causative link between reptarenavirus infection and the disease. Here, we report experimental infections of Python regius (n = 16) and Boa constrictor (n = 16) with three reptarenavirus isolates. First, we used pythons (n = 8) to test two virus delivery routes: intraperitoneal injection and tracheal instillation. Viral RNAs but no IBs were detected in brains and lungs at 2 weeks postinoculation. Next, we inoculated pythons (n = 8) via the trachea. During the 4 months following infection, snakes showed transient central nervous system (CNS) signs but lacked detectable IBs at the time of euthanasia. One of the snakes developed severe CNS signs; we succeeded in reisolating the virus from the brain of this individual and could demonstrate viral antigen in neurons. In a third attempt, we tested cohousing, vaccination, and sequential infection with multiple reptarenavirus isolates on boas (n = 16). At 10 months postinoculation, all but one snake tested positive for viral RNA in lung, brain, and/or blood, but none exhibited the characteristic IBs. Three of the four vaccinated snakes seemed to sustain challenge with the same reptarenavirus; however, neither of the two snakes rechallenged with different reptarenaviruses remained uninfected. Comparison of the antibody responses in experimentally versus naturally reptarenavirus-infected animals indicated differences in the responses. IMPORTANCE In the present study, we experimentally infected pythons and boas with reptarenavirus via either intraperitoneal injection or tracheal instillation. The aims were to experimentally induce boid inclusion body disease (BIBD) and to develop an animal model for studying disease transmission and pathogenesis. Both virus delivery routes resulted in infection, and infection via the trachea could reflect the natural route of infection. In the experimentally infected snakes, we did not find evidence of inclusion body (IB) formation, characteristic of BIBD, in pythons or boas. Most of the boas (11/12) remained reptarenavirus infected after 10 months, which suggests that they developed a persistent infection that could eventually have led to BIBD. We demonstrated that vaccination using recombinant protein or an inactivated virus preparation prevented infection by a homologous virus in three of four snakes. Comparison of the antibody responses of experimentally and naturally reptarenavirus-infected snakes revealed differences that merit further studies.

scholarly journals Identification of Reptarenaviruses, Hartmaniviruses and a Novel Chuvirus in Captive Brazilian Native Boa Constrictors with Boid Inclusion Body Disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Froner Argenta ◽  
Jussi Hepojoki ◽  
Teemu Smura ◽  
Leonora Szirovicza ◽  
Márcia Elisa Hammerschmitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Body ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Amino Acid Identity ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Family ◽  
Inclusion Body Disease ◽  
Potential Pathogenicity ◽  
Reservoir Hosts ◽  
Eventual Death ◽  
Rule Out

ABSTRACTBoid Inclusion Body Disease (BIBD) is a transmissible viral disease of captive snakes that causes severe losses in snake collections worldwide. It is caused by reptarenavirus infection, which can persist over several years without overt signs, but is generally associated with the eventual death of the affected snakes. Thus far, reports have confirmed existence of reptarenaviruses in captive snakes in North America, Europe, and Australia, but there is no evidence that it also occurs in wild snakes. BIBD affects both boas and pythons, the habitats of which do not naturally overlap. Herein, we studied Brazilian captive snakes with BIBD using a metatranscriptomic approach, and report the identification of novel reptarenaviruses, hartmaniviruses, and a new species in the family Chuviridae. The reptarenavirus L segments identified represent six novel species, while we only found a single novel reptarenavirus S segment. Until now, hartmaniviruses had been identified only in European captive boas with BIBD, and the present results increase the number of known hartmanivirus species from four to six. The newly identified chuvirus showed 38.4%, 40.9%, and 48.1% amino acid identity to the nucleoprotein, glycoprotein, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of its closest relative, Guangdong red-banded snake chuvirus-like virus. Although we cannot rule out the possibility that the found viruses originated from imported snakes, the results suggest that the viruses would circulate in indigenous snake populations.IMPORTANCEBoid Inclusion Body Disease (BIBD) caused by reptarenavirus infection affects captive snake populations worldwide, but the reservoir hosts of reptarenaviruses remain unknown. Herein, we report the identification of novel reptarenavirus and hartmanivirus species, and a chuvirus in captive Brazilian boas with BIBD. Three of the four snakes studied showed co-infection with all three viruses, and one of the snakes harbored three novel reptarenavirus L and one novel S segment. The samples originated from collections with Brazilian indigenous snakes only, which could indicate that these viruses circulate in wild snakes. The findings could further indicate that boid snakes are the natural reservoir of reptarena- and hartmaniviruses commonly found in captive snakes. The snakes infected with the novel chuvirus all suffered from BIBD; it is therefore not possible to comment on its potential pathogenicity and contribution to the observed changes in the present case material.

scholarly journals Improvement ofBartonella henselaeDNA Detection in Cat Blood Samples by Combining Molecular and Culture Methods

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Rovani Drummond ◽  
Bruno Grosselli Lania ◽  
Pedro Paulo Vissotto de Paiva Diniz ◽  
Rovilson Gilioli ◽  
Daniele Masselli Rodrigues Demolin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bloodstream Infection ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Bartonella Henselae ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

ABSTRACTBartonellaspp. are bacteria of worldwide distribution that cause asymptomatic to fatal infections in animals and humans. The most common zoonotic species isBartonella henselae, for which cats are the major natural reservoir host. To better understandBartonellasp. diagnostic limitations, we determined the frequency of bloodstream infection in 112 cats by comparing and combining the results of multiple conventional and nested PCRs from blood and liquid culture samples. Using liquid culture conventional PCR,Bartonellasp. DNA was amplified from 27.7% of samples (31/112) compared to 90.2% of samples (101/112) by combining nested PCR from blood and liquid culture, indicating that PCR testing of more than one type of sample provides better sensitivity than a standalone PCR and that bloodstream infection is very frequent among cats in southeastern Brazil. This study reinforces the need for multistep testing forBartonellasp. infection to prevent false-negative diagnostic results, even in reservoir hosts such as cats that typically maintain higher bacteremia levels.

scholarly journals Experimental Reptarenavirus Infection of Boa constrictor and Python regius

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
U Hetzel ◽  
Y Korzyukov ◽  
S Keller ◽  
L Szirovicza ◽  
T Pesch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Body ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusion ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Python Regius ◽  
Delivery Routes ◽  
Inclusion Body Disease ◽  
Virus Delivery

ABSTRACTBoid inclusion body disease (BIBD) causes losses in captive constrictor snake populations globally. BIBD associates with formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IB) which mainly comprise reptarenavirus nucleoprotein (NP). In 2017, BIBD was reproduced by cardiac injection of boas and pythons with reptarenaviruses, thus demonstrating a causative link between reptarenavirus infection and the disease. Herein, we report experimental infections of pythons (N=16) and boas (N=16) with three reptarenavirus isolates. First, we used pythons (N=8) to test two virus delivery routes: intraperitoneal injection and tracheal instillation. Independent of the delivery route, we detected viral RNA but no IBs in tissues two weeks post inoculation. Next, we inoculated pythons (N=8) via the trachea. During the four month following the infection snakes showed transient central nervous system (CNS) signs but lacked detectable IB at the time of euthanasia. One of the snakes developed severe CNS signs and we succeeded in re-isolating the virus from the brain of this individual, and could demonstrate viral antigen in neurons. In a third attempt, we tested co-housing, vaccination, and sequential infection with multiple reptarenavirus isolates on boas (N=16). At 10 months post inoculation all except one snake tested positive for viral RNA but none exhibited the characteristic IB. Analysis of the antibody responses demonstrated lower neutralizing but higher anti-reptarenavirus NP titers in experimentally versus naturally reptarenavirus infected boas. Our findings suggest that in addition to reptarenavirus infection, other factors, e.g. the antibody response, contribute to BIBD pathogenesis.IMPORTANCEA 2017 study demonstrated cardiac reptarenavirus injection to induce boid inclusion body disease (BIBD) in pythons and boas. In the present study, we experimentally infected pythons and boas with reptarenavirus via either intraperitoneal injection or tracheal instillation. We found both virus delivery routes to result in infection; though the latter could reflect the natural route of infection. In the experimentally infected snakes, we did not find evidence of inclusion body (IB) formation, characteristic to BIBD, in pythons or in boas. Most of the snakes (11/12) studied were reptarenavirus infected after ten-month follow up, which suggests that they could eventually have developed BIBD. We further found differences between the antibody responses of experimentally and naturally reptarenavirus infected snakes, which could indicate that the pathogenesis of BIBD involves factors additional to reptarenavirus infection. As snakes are poikilotherm, also the housing conditions could have an effect.

Antipyretic Plants: An Updated Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-12
Author(s):  
Vandana Garg ◽  
Rohit Dutt
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hypothalamic Area ◽  
Antipyretic Activity ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Elevated Body Temperature

Background: Fever, is known as pyrexia, may occur due to infection, inflammation, or any tissue damage and disease states. Normally, the infected or damaged tissue initiates the enhanced formation of pro-inflammatory mediators like cytokines which further increases the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PgE2) near the hypothalamic area and thereby trigger the hypothalamus to elevate the body temperature. Objective: Antipyretics are the agents which reduce the elevated body temperature. The most commonly used antipyretic agent, paracetamol, may be fatal due to its side effects. Methods: In this review paper, Chemical Abstracts, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct were the sources for the published article to collect information regarding antipyretic activity. Results: This review compiles the antipyretic plants that may be useful to treat fever due to various diseases. Conclusion: These medicinal plants could be good alternatives for traditional allopathic antipyretics.

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