scholarly journals Characterization of CHAT and Cox Type 1 Live-Attenuated Poliovirus Vaccine Strains

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 5339-5349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Martín ◽  
Philip D. Minor
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Phenotypic Properties ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative

ABSTRACT CHAT and Cox type 1 live-attenuated poliovirus strains were developed in the 1950s to be used as vaccines for humans. This paper describes their characterization with respect to virulence, sensitivity for growth at high temperatures, and complete nucleotide and amino acid sequences. The results are compared to those for their common parental wild virus, the Mahoney strain, and to those for two other poliovirus strains derived from Mahoney, the Sabin 1 vaccine strain and the mouse-adapted LS-a virus. Analysis of four isolates from cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis related to the CHAT vaccine revealed genetic and phenotypic properties of the CHAT strain following replication in the human gut. CHAT-VAPP strain 134 contained a genome highly evolved from that of CHAT (1.1% nucleotide differences), suggesting long-term circulation of a vaccine-derived strain in the human population. The molecular mechanisms of attenuation and evolution of poliovirus in humans are discussed in the context of the global polio eradication initiative.

scholarly journals Isolation of an Intertypic Poliovirus Capsid Recombinant from a Child with Vaccine-Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (21) ◽  
pp. 10921-10928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Martín ◽  
Elena Samoilovich ◽  
Glynis Dunn ◽  
Angie Lackenby ◽  
Esphir Feldman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antigenic Site ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Crossover Point ◽  
Antigenic Properties ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative ◽  
Type 3

ABSTRACT The isolation of a capsid intertypic poliovirus recombinant from a child with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis is described. Virus 31043 had a Sabin-derived type 3-type 2-type 1 recombinant genome with a 5′-end crossover point within the capsid coding region. The result was a poliovirus chimera containing the entire coding sequence for antigenic site 3a derived from the Sabin type 2 strain. The recombinant virus showed altered antigenic properties but did not acquire type 2 antigenic characteristics. The significance of the presence in nature of such poliovirus chimeras and the consequences for the current efforts to detect potentially dangerous vaccine-derived poliovirus strains are discussed in the context of the global polio eradication initiative.

scholarly journals Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 vif Gene in Long-Term Asymptomatic Individuals

Virology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 276 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gherici Hassaı̈ne ◽  
Isabelle Agostini ◽  
Daniel Candotti ◽  
Gilles Bessou ◽  
Miguel Caballero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals

Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural characterization of type 1 astrocytes and 0-2A lineage cells in long-term co-cultures

1994 ◽  
Vol 646 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candace Andersson ◽  
Judy Brunso-Bechtold ◽  
Michael Tytell
Keyword(s):  
Ultrastructural Characterization

Evolution of the Sabin type 1 poliovirus in humans: characterization of strains isolated from patients with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis.

1997 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 7758-7768 ◽  
Author(s):  
M M Georgescu ◽  
J Balanant ◽  
A Macadam ◽  
D Otelea ◽  
M Combiescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis

Genetic and Biological Characterization of Recombinant HIV Type 1 with Env Derived from Long-Term Nonprogressor (LTNP) Viruses

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 1377-1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha Antoni ◽  
Nicole Walz ◽  
Margot Landersz ◽  
Michael Humbert ◽  
Christian Seidl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Characterization ◽  
Hiv Type 1

scholarly journals Changes in Population Dynamics during Long-Term Evolution of Sabin Type 1 Poliovirus in an Immunodeficient Patient

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (18) ◽  
pp. 9179-9190 ◽  
Author(s):  
John K. Odoom ◽  
Zaira Yunus ◽  
Glynis Dunn ◽  
Philip D. Minor ◽  
Javier Martín
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
Antigenic Properties ◽  
Polio Immunization ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative ◽  
Stool Samples

ABSTRACT The evolution of the Sabin strain of type 1 poliovirus in a hypogammaglobulinemia patient for a period of 649 days is described. Twelve poliovirus isolates from sequential stool samples encompassing days 21 to 649 after vaccination with Sabin 1 were characterized in terms of their antigenic properties, virulence in transgenic mice, sensitivity for growth at high temperatures, and differences in nucleotide sequence from the Sabin 1 strain. Poliovirus isolates from the immunodeficient patient evolved gradually toward non-temperature-sensitive and neurovirulent phenotypes, accumulating mutations at key nucleotide positions that correlated with the observed reversion to biological properties typical of wild polioviruses. Analysis of plaque-purified viruses from stool samples revealed complex genetic and evolutionary relationships between the poliovirus strains. The generation of various coevolving genetic lineages incorporating different mutations was observed at early stages of virus excretion. The main driving force for genetic diversity appeared to be the selection of mutations at attenuation sites, particularly in the 5′ noncoding region and the VP1 BC loop. Recombination between virus strains from the two main lineages was observed between days 63 and 88. Genetic heterogeneity among plaque-purified viruses at each time point seemed to decrease with time, and only viruses belonging to a unique genotypic lineage were seen from day 105 after vaccination. The relevance of vaccine-derived poliovirus strains for disease surveillance and future polio immunization policies is discussed in the context of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative.

scholarly journals Long-Term Circulation of Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus That Causes Paralytic Disease

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (13) ◽  
pp. 6791-6799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena A. Cherkasova ◽  
Ekaterina A. Korotkova ◽  
Maria L. Yakovenko ◽  
Olga E. Ivanova ◽  
Tatyana P. Eremeeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Strain ◽  
Natural Circulation ◽  
Population Analysis ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Antigenic Determinants ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Amino Acid Mutations

ABSTRACT Successful implementation of the global poliomyelitis eradication program raises the problem of vaccination against poliomyelitis in the posteradication era. One of the options under consideration envisions completely stopping worldwide the use of the Sabin vaccine. This strategy is based on the assumption that the natural circulation of attenuated strains and their derivatives is strictly limited. Here, we report the characterization of a highly evolved derivative of the Sabin vaccine strain isolated in a case of paralytic poliomyelitis from a 7-month-old immunocompetent baby in an apparently adequately immunized population. Analysis of the genome of this isolate showed that it is a double (type 1-type 2-type 1) vaccine-derived recombinant. The number of mutations accumulated in both the type 1-derived and type 2-derived portions of the recombinant genome suggests that both had diverged from their vaccine predecessors ∼2 years before the onset of the illness. This fact, along with other recent observations, points to the possibility of long-term circulation of Sabin vaccine strain derivatives associated with an increase in their neurovirulence. Comparison of genomic sequences of this and other evolved vaccine-derived isolates reveals some general features of natural poliovirus evolution. They include a very high preponderance and nonrandom distribution of synonymous substitutions, conservation of secondary structures of important cis-acting elements of the genome, and an apparently adaptive character of most of the amino acid mutations, with only a few of them occurring in the antigenic determinants. Another interesting feature is a frequent occurrence of tripartite intertypic recombinants with either type 1 or type 3 homotypic genomic ends.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insights into The Response of Ulva Compressa to The Fluctuating Salinity Conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qikun Xing ◽  
Guiqi Bi ◽  
Min Cao ◽  
Arnaud Belcour ◽  
Méziane Aite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Green Tide ◽  
Saline Stress ◽  
Ulva Compressa ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Differently Expressed Genes

Abstract Background: Ulva compressa, known as the green tide forming species, was reported that can adapt to hypo-salinity conditions such as estuaries and brackish lakes. To understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of hypo-salinity stress tolerance, a genome-wide gene expression profiles in U. compressa was performed using digital gene expression profile (DGE). Results: The RNA-seq data were analyzed based on the comparison of differently expressed genes involved in specific pathways under hypo-salinity and recovery conditions. Under the long-term hypo-salinity stress, the recovery of photosynthesis and energy metabolism could provide sufficient energy for the tolerance under long-term hypo-saline stress. Multiple strategies were performed to maintain the osmotic homeostasis. Additionally, several long non-coding RNA were detected as differently expressed genes during the stress, which could play important roles in the osmotolerance. Conclusions: Our work will serve as an essential foundation for the understanding of the tolerance mechanism of U. compressa under the fluctuating salinity conditions.

scholarly journals Genomic Characterization of Human and Environmental Polioviruses Isolated in Albania

1999 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 3534-3539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Divizia ◽  
Leonardo Palombi ◽  
Ersilia Buonomo ◽  
Domenica Donia ◽  
Vito Ruscio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Nucleotide Position ◽  
First Case ◽  
Genomic Characterization ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Intertypic Recombinant ◽  
Data Banks

ABSTRACT Between April and December 1996, a serious outbreak of poliomyelitis occurred in Albania; almost 140 subjects were involved, and the episode presented an unusually high mortality rate (12%). During the outbreak, water samples from the Lana River in Tirana, Albania, and stool samples from two cases of paralytic poliomyelitis were collected and analyzed for the presence of polioviruses. Six polioviruses were isolated from the environmental and human samples, according to standard methods. All the samples were characterized by partial genomic sequencing of 330 bases across the 5′ untranslated region (5′-UTR) (nucleotide positions 200 to 530) and of 300 bases across the VP1 region (nucleotide positions 2474 to 2774). Comparison of these sequences with those present in data banks permitted the identification of environmental isolates Lana A and Lana B as, respectively, a Sabin-like type 2 poliovirus and an intertypic recombinant poliovirus (Sabin-like type 2/wild type 1), both bearing a G instead of an A at nucleotide position 481. The two other environmental polioviruses were similar to the isolates from the paralytic cases. They were characterized by a peculiar 5′-UTR and by a VP1 region showing 98% homology with the Albanian epidemic type 1 isolates reported by other authors. This study confirms the environmental circulation in Albania of recombinant poliovirus strains, likely sustained by a massive vaccination effort and by the presence in the environment of a type 1 poliovirus, as isolated from the Lana River in Tirana about 2 months before the first case of symptomatic acute flaccid paralysis was reported in this town.

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