scholarly journals The Native Microbiome is Crucial for Offspring Generation and Fitness of Aurelia Aurita

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Weiland-Bräuer ◽  
Nicole Pinnow ◽  
Daniela Langfeldt ◽  
Anna Roik ◽  
Simon Güllert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Aurelia Aurita ◽  
Moon Jellyfish ◽  
Host Fitness ◽  
Fitness Traits ◽  
Basal Metazoan ◽  
Health And Fitness ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

ABSTRACT All multicellular organisms are associated with microbial communities, ultimately forming a metaorganism. Several studies conducted on well-established model organisms point to immunological, metabolic, and behavioral benefits of the associated microbiota for the host. Consequently, a microbiome can influence the physiology of a host; moreover, microbial community shifts can affect host health and fitness. The present study aimed to evaluate the significance and functional role of the native microbiota for life cycle transitions and fitness of the cnidarian moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita. A comprehensive host fitness experiment was conducted studying the polyp life stage and integrating 12 combinations of treatments with microbiota modification (sterile conditions, foreign food bacteria, and potential pathogens). Asexual reproduction, e.g., generation of daughter polyps, and the formation and release of ephyrae were highly affected in the absence of the native microbiota, ultimately resulting in a halt of strobilation and ephyra release. Assessment of further fitness traits showed that health, growth, and feeding rate were decreased in the absence and upon community changes of the native microbiota, e.g., when challenged with selected bacteria. Moreover, changes in microbial community patterns were detected by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing during the course of the experiment. This demonstrated that six operational taxonomic units (OTUs) significantly correlated and explained up to 97% of fitness data variability, strongly supporting the association of impaired fitness with the absence/presence of specific bacteria. Conclusively, our study provides new insights into the importance and function of the microbiome for asexual reproduction, health, and fitness of the basal metazoan A. aurita. IMPORTANCE All multicellular organisms are associated with a diverse and specific community of microorganisms; consequently, the microbiome is of fundamental importance for health and fitness of the multicellular host. However, studies on microbiome contribution to host fitness are in their infancy, in particular, for less well-established hosts such as the moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita. Here, we studied the impact of the native microbiome on the asexual reproduction and on further fitness traits (health, growth, and feeding) of the basal metazoan due to induced changes in its microbiome. We observed significant impact on all fitness traits analyzed, in particular, in the absence of the protective microbial shield and when challenged with marine potentially pathogenic bacterial isolates. Notable is the identified crucial importance of the native microbiome for the generation of offspring, consequently affecting life cycle decisions. Thus, we conclude that the microbiome is essential for the maintenance of a healthy metaorganism.

Global temperature and life

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Death Valley ◽  
Cell Interior ◽  
Ground Temperatures ◽  
Thermal Limits ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Continental Shelves ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

The extreme meteorological surface air temperatures recorded to date are –89.2 oC in Antarctica, and 56.7 oC in Death Valley, California. Ground temperatures can be higher or lower than these air temperatures. The bulk of oceanic water is cold (< 4 oC) and thermally stable. Whilst data on limits to survival attract considerable attention, the thermal limits to completion of the life cycle (which define the limits to life) are much less well known. Currently identified upper thermal limits for growth are 122 oC for archaeans, 100 oC for bacteria and ~60 oC for unicellular eukaryotes. No unicells appear to grow below –20 oC, a limit that is probably set by dehydration-linked vitrification of the cell interior. The lower thermal limits for survival in multicellular organisms in the natural world extend to at least –70 oC. However in all cases known to date, completion of the life cycle requires summer warmth and the lowest temperature for completion of a multicellular eukaryote life cycle appears to be ~0 oC for invertebrates in glacial meltwater and ~–2 oC for marine invertebrates and fish living on the continental shelves around Antarctica.

scholarly journals Shorter, warmer winters may inhibit production of ephyrae in a population of the moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Loveridge ◽  
Cathy H. Lucas ◽  
Kylie A. Pitt
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Aurelia Aurita ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Minimum Period ◽  
Moon Jellyfish ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Scyphozoan Jellyfish ◽  
Significant Production ◽  
Planula Larvae

AbstractScyphozoan jellyfish blooms display high interannual variability in terms of timing of appearance and size of the bloom. To understand the causes of this variability, the conditions experienced by the polyps prior to the production of ephyrae in the spring were examined. Polyps reared from planula larvae of Aurelia aurita medusae collected from southern England (50°49′58.8; − 1°05′36.9) were incubated under orthogonal combinations of temperature (4, 7, 10 °C) and duration (2, 4, 6, 8 weeks), representing the range of winter conditions in that region, before experiencing an increase to 13 °C. Timing and success of strobilation were recorded. No significant production of ephyrae was observed in any of the 2- and 4-week incubations, or in any 10 °C incubation. Time to first ephyra release decreased with longer winter incubations, and more ephyrae were produced following longer and colder winter simulations. This experiment indicates that A. aurita requires a minimum period of cooler temperatures to strobilate, and contradicts claims that jellyfish populations will be more prevalent in warming oceans, specifically in the context of warmer winter conditions. Such investigations on population-specific ontogeny highlights the need to examine each life stage separately as well as in the context of its environment.

Studies on Lagenophrys tattersalli sp. n. (Ciliata Peritricha, Vorticellinae) Part I. Structure, Asexual Reproduction and Metamorphosis

1942 ◽  
Vol s2-83 (330) ◽  
pp. 171-196
Author(s):  
A. G. WILLIS
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Marginal Zone ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Contractile Vacuole ◽  
Cholesterol Esters ◽  
Marine Ciliate ◽  
Reserve Material ◽  
Diagnostic Characters ◽  
Superficial Area

1. The diagnostic characters of a new marine ciliate, Lagenophrys tattersalli, have been described. The lorica is chiefly distinguished by the possession of a ventral shelf, a clearly defined central cap and a marginal zone formed during metamorphosis. The adoral spiral of about two turns is distinguished by the possession of an undulating membrane. 2. The macronucleus consists of a chromatin network with a plastin component in the form of interspersed spherical plasmosomes. 3. Eeserve substances are present at certain stages of the life cycle in the form of spheres composed of mixtures of fats and h'poids (chiefly cholesterol and cholesterol esters). The reserve substances accumulate during the trophic period and reach their maximum abundance prior to division. 4. Asexual reproduction takes place by two types of division leading in each case to the separation of motile organisms or swarmers and non-motile residual organisms. 5. The swarmer is always provided with a considerable quantity of fatty and lipoid reserve material. This is derived by the equal or unequal partition of the reserve material of the parent. 6. The peristome and ciliary girdle of the swarmer are formed from the division of the peristome and adoral spiral, respectively, of the parent and do not arise de novo. 7. It is maintained that the ciliary girdle of L. tattersalli does not correspond to the true ventral cilia of forms like Trichodina. 8. The ciliary girdle of the swarmer is disposed around a cavity (the sucker cavity) which was originally continuous with the vestibule of the parent. The ciliary girdle and the contractile vacuole of the swarmer are associated with the sucker cavity in the same way as the adoral spiral and contractile vacuole of the parent are associated with the vestibule. 9. In metamorphosis the sucker cavity of the swarmer becomes distended, probably bj the secretion of fluid. This growth cavity, as it may be termed, increases the superficial area of the protoplasm until the dimensions of the adult lorica are attained. The marginal zone of the lorica is laid down at this period and the growth cavity afterwards decreases in size. The adoral spiral of the adult is formed from the ciliary girdle of the swarmer after the cilia of the latter have become absorbed. The growth cavity is absorbed into the vestibule. 10. The reserve materials of the swarmer are completely used up before the end of metamorphosis.

Temperature effects on asexual reproduction of the scyphozoan Aurelia aurita s.l .: differences between exotic (Baltic and Red seas) and native (Mediterranean Sea) populations

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 994-1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Pascual ◽  
Verónica Fuentes ◽  
Antonio Canepa ◽  
Dacha Atienza ◽  
Josep-Maria Gili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Aurelia Aurita

Effects of temperature and light intensity on asexual reproduction of the scyphozoan, Aurelia aurita (L.) in Taiwan

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 616 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Cheng Liu ◽  
Wen-Tseng Lo ◽  
Jennifer E. Purcell ◽  
Hao-Hsien Chang
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Aurelia Aurita ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

scholarly journals Observation of asexual reproduction with symbiont transmission in planktonic foraminifera

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruka Takagi ◽  
Atsushi Kurasawa ◽  
Katsunori Kimoto
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Planktonic Foraminifera ◽  
Gamete Release ◽  
Symbiotic Algae ◽  
Laboratory Cultures ◽  
Symbiont Transmission

Abstract Gamete release has been frequently observed in laboratory cultures of various species of planktonic foraminifera. Those observations have been taken as evidence that these organisms produce new generations exclusively by sexual reproduction. We report here the first observation of asexual reproduction in Globigerinita uvula, a small, microperforate foraminifera. The asexual phase was associated with the release of ca. 110 offspring, all of which hosted symbiotic algae that must have been passed on directly from the parent. This event was also the first observation of vertical transmission of symbionts in planktonic foraminifera. Although the trigger of the observed asexual reproduction and its frequency in nature remain unknown, our observation indicates that among the planktonic foraminifera, at least G. uvula has not abandoned the asexual phase of its life cycle.

scholarly journals The Development, Morphology and Budding of the Ascidian Diazona

1948 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Berrill
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Basic Type ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strong Argument ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Present Account ◽  
The Family ◽  
The One ◽  
Complete Account

Diazona is represented in European waters only by Diazona violacea Savigny. It is a compound ascidian forming massive colonies of spectacular size and appearance. In many ways it is the most interesting of all ascidians, for in its adult structure it straddles two commonly accepted orders and in itself is a strong argument against such a division; it is the only oviparous and small egged compound ascidian, two features undoubtedly primitive; and its manner of budding is the simplest and probably is the basic type for the group as a whole. Only fragmentary descriptions of the morphology and reproduction exist, and a more or less complete account of the various stages of the life cycle may be of some value. The family Diazonidae includes, in addition to Diazona itself, the genera Tylobranchion of subantarctic regions, and Rhopalea of Mediterranean and northern waters. In its entirety Diazona appears to link with such divergent forms as Ciona on the one hand and Archidistoma on the other. The fact that Diazona is obtained by dredging in relatively swift offshore waters and lives poorly in an aquarium probably accounts for the existing unsatisfactory state of knowledge of most of its phases. Most of what is known concerns asexual reproduction; and attention has been given, at various times, primarily to the process of regeneration, rather than bud formation, for example by Della Valle (1884), Caullery (1914), Oka (1906) under the name Aphanobranchion, and by Salfi (1926).The material of the present account was collected at various times in the Plymouth area from the Mewstone and Eddystone grounds.

scholarly journals Enhancement of jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) populations by extensive aquaculture rafts in a coastal lagoon in Taiwan

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Tseng Lo ◽  
Jennifer E. Purcell ◽  
Jia-Jang Hung ◽  
Huei-Meei Su ◽  
Pei-Kai Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Lagoon ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Larval Settlement ◽  
Aurelia Aurita ◽  
Trophic Conditions ◽  
Moon Jellyfish ◽  
Southwestern Taiwan ◽  
Human Construction

Abstract Lo, W-T., Purcell, J. E., Hung, J-J., Su, H-M., and Hsu, P-K. 2008. Enhancement of jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) populations by extensive aquaculture rafts in a coastal lagoon in Taiwan. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 453–461. Blooms of the moon jellyfish, Aurelia aurita, often occur in coastal waters that are heavily affected by human construction, such as harbours. Tapong Bay is a hypertrophic lagoon in southwestern Taiwan that was studied between August 1999 and September 2004. The removal of extensive oyster-culture rafts in June 2002 provided a “natural” experiment to examine the effects of aquaculture on processes and communities in the lagoon. The removal caused many changes in the ecosystem, including increases in flushing, light penetration, dissolved oxygen, salinity, chlorophyll a, primary production, and zooplankton, but decreases in nutrients, periphyton, and dramatically reduced populations of bivalves, zooplanktivorous fish, and jellyfish (A. aurita). We conclude that environmental and trophic conditions were favourable for jellyfish throughout the study period. Therefore, we believe that aquaculture rafts enhanced jellyfish populations by three probable mechanisms: the rafts provided substrate and shading for the larval settlement and polyp colony formation, and the rafts restricted water exchange in the lagoon. Aquaculture is increasing rapidly in Asia, and the problems associated with jellyfish may also increase.

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