scholarly journals Brain and muscle creatine kinase genes contain common TA-rich recognition protein-binding regulatory elements.

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 4826-4836 ◽  
Author(s):  
R A Horlick ◽  
G M Hobson ◽  
J H Patterson ◽  
M T Mitchell ◽  
P A Benfield
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Binding Site ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Gene Promoter ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Muscle Creatine Kinase ◽  
Enhancer Activity ◽  
L6 Myotubes ◽  
Recognition Protein ◽  
Muscle Creatine

We have previously reported that the rat brain creatine kinase (ckb) gene promoter contains an AT-rich sequence that is a binding site for a protein called TARP (TA-rich recognition protein). This AT-rich segment is a positively acting regulatory element for the ckb promoter. A similar AT-rich DNA segment is found at the 3' end of the 5' muscle-specific enhancer of the rat muscle creatine kinase (ckm) gene and has been shown to be necessary for full muscle-specific enhancer activity. In this report, we show that TARP binds not only to the ckb promoter but also to the AT-rich segment at the 3' end of the muscle-specific ckm enhancer. A second, weaker TARP-binding site was identified in the ckm enhancer and lies at the 5' end of the minimal enhancer segment. TARP was found in both muscle cells (C2 and L6 myotubes) and nonmuscle (HeLa) cells and appeared to be indistinguishable from both sources, as judged by gel retardation and footprinting assays. The TARP-binding sites in the ckm enhancer and the ckb promoter were found to be functionally interchangeable. We propose that TARP is active in both muscle and nonmuscle cells and that it is one of many potential activators that may interact with muscle-specific regulators to determine the myogenic phenotype.

Brain and muscle creatine kinase genes contain common TA-rich recognition protein-binding regulatory elements

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 4826-4836
Author(s):  
R A Horlick ◽  
G M Hobson ◽  
J H Patterson ◽  
M T Mitchell ◽  
P A Benfield
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Binding Site ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Gene Promoter ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Muscle Creatine Kinase ◽  
Enhancer Activity ◽  
L6 Myotubes ◽  
Recognition Protein ◽  
Muscle Creatine

We have previously reported that the rat brain creatine kinase (ckb) gene promoter contains an AT-rich sequence that is a binding site for a protein called TARP (TA-rich recognition protein). This AT-rich segment is a positively acting regulatory element for the ckb promoter. A similar AT-rich DNA segment is found at the 3' end of the 5' muscle-specific enhancer of the rat muscle creatine kinase (ckm) gene and has been shown to be necessary for full muscle-specific enhancer activity. In this report, we show that TARP binds not only to the ckb promoter but also to the AT-rich segment at the 3' end of the muscle-specific ckm enhancer. A second, weaker TARP-binding site was identified in the ckm enhancer and lies at the 5' end of the minimal enhancer segment. TARP was found in both muscle cells (C2 and L6 myotubes) and nonmuscle (HeLa) cells and appeared to be indistinguishable from both sources, as judged by gel retardation and footprinting assays. The TARP-binding sites in the ckm enhancer and the ckb promoter were found to be functionally interchangeable. We propose that TARP is active in both muscle and nonmuscle cells and that it is one of many potential activators that may interact with muscle-specific regulators to determine the myogenic phenotype.

scholarly journals Analysis of Muscle Creatine Kinase Regulatory Elements in Recombinant Adenoviral Vectors

2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Hauser ◽  
Ann Robinson ◽  
Dennis Hartigan-O'Connor ◽  
DeeAnn Williams-Gregory ◽  
Jean N. Buskin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Adenoviral Vectors ◽  
Muscle Creatine Kinase ◽  
Muscle Creatine

The muscle creatine kinase gene is regulated by multiple upstream elements, including a muscle-specific enhancer

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-70
Author(s):  
J B Jaynes ◽  
J E Johnson ◽  
J N Buskin ◽  
C L Gartside ◽  
S D Hauschka
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Simian Virus 40 ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Simian Virus ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Transcriptional Enhancer ◽  
Muscle Creatine Kinase ◽  
Kinase Gene ◽  
Muscle Creatine

Muscle creatine kinase (MCK) is induced to high levels during skeletal muscle differentiation. We have examined the upstream regulatory elements of the mouse MCK gene which specify its activation during myogenesis in culture. Fusion genes containing up to 3,300 nucleotides (nt) of MCK 5' flanking DNA in various positions and orientations relative to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) structural gene were transfected into cultured cells. Transient expression of CAT was compared between proliferating and differentiated MM14 mouse myoblasts and with nonmyogenic mouse L cells. The major effector of high-level expression was found to have the properties of a transcriptional enhancer. This element, located between 1,050 and 1,256 nt upstream of the transcription start site, was also found to have a major influence on the tissue and differentiation specificity of MCK expression; it activated either the MCK promoter or heterologous promoters only in differentiated muscle cells. Comparisons of viral and cellular enhancer sequences with the MCK enhancer revealed some similarities to essential regions of the simian virus 40 enhancer as well as to a region of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain enhancer, which has been implicated in tissue-specific protein binding. Even in the absence of the enhancer, low-level expression from a 776-nt MCK promoter retained differentiation specificity. In addition to positive regulatory elements, our data provide some evidence for negative regulatory elements with activity in myoblasts. These may contribute to the cell type and differentiation specificity of MCK expression.

A ras-dependent pathway abolishes activity of a muscle-specific enhancer upstream from the muscle creatine kinase gene

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 594-601
Author(s):  
E A Sternberg ◽  
G Spizz ◽  
M E Perry ◽  
E N Olson
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Myogenic Differentiation ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Proximal Promoter ◽  
Muscle Creatine Kinase ◽  
Kinase Gene ◽  
Muscle Creatine ◽  
Ras Oncogenes

Differentiation of skeletal myoblasts is accompanied by induction of a series of tissue-specific genes whose products are required for the specialized functions of the mature muscle fiber. The program for myogenic differentiation is subject to negative control by several peptide growth factors and by the products of mutationally activated ras oncogenes, which persistently activate intracellular cascades normally triggered by specific growth factors. Previously, we reported that induction of the muscle creatine kinase (mck) gene during myogenesis was dependent on a distal upstream enhancer that cooperated with a proximal promoter to direct high levels of expression in developing muscle cells (E. A. Sternberg, G. Spizz, W. M. Perry, D. Vizard, T. Weil, and E. N. Olson, Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:2896-2909). To investigate the mechanisms whereby ras blocks the induction of muscle-specific genes, we have examined the ability of mck 5' regulatory elements to direct expression of the linked reporter gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) in C2 myoblasts bearing mutant N-ras and H-ras oncogenes. In this paper we report that expression of activated ras alleles abolishes activity of the mck upstream enhancer but does not affect the activity of the mck promoter. The ability of ras to repress the expression of mck-cat fusion genes that have been transfected either transiently or stably into myoblasts suggests that ras may exert its effects on muscle-specific genes through mechanisms independent of chromatin configurations or DNA methylation. These results also suggest that ras blocks establishment of the myogenic phenotype by preventing the accumulation of regulatory factors required for transcriptional induction of muscle-specific genes.

scholarly journals Quantitative Proteomic Identification of Six4 as the Trex-Binding Factor in the Muscle Creatine Kinase Enhancer

2004 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 2132-2143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charis L. Himeda ◽  
Jeffrey A. Ranish ◽  
John C. Angello ◽  
Pascal Maire ◽  
Ruedi Aebersold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Cardiac Muscle ◽  
Magnetic Beads ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Mouse Heart ◽  
Muscle Creatine Kinase ◽  
Adult Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Binding Factor ◽  
Muscle Creatine

ABSTRACT Transcriptional regulatory element X (Trex) is a positive control site within the Muscle creatine kinase (MCK) enhancer. Cell culture and transgenic studies indicate that the Trex site is important for MCK expression in skeletal and cardiac muscle. After selectively enriching for the Trex-binding factor (TrexBF) using magnetic beads coupled to oligonucleotides containing either wild-type or mutant Trex sites, quantitative proteomics was used to identify TrexBF as Six4, a homeodomain transcription factor of the Six/sine oculis family, from a background of ∼900 copurifying proteins. Using gel shift assays and Six-specific antisera, we demonstrated that Six4 is TrexBF in mouse skeletal myocytes and embryonic day 10 chick skeletal and cardiac muscle, while Six5 is the major TrexBF in adult mouse heart. In cotransfection studies, Six4 transactivates the MCK enhancer as well as muscle-specific regulatory regions of Aldolase A and Cardiac troponin C via Trex/MEF3 sites. Our results are consistent with Six4 being a key regulator of muscle gene expression in adult skeletal muscle and in developing striated muscle. The Trex/MEF3 composite sequence ([C/A]ACC[C/T]GA) allowed us to identify novel putative Six-binding sites in six other muscle genes. Our proteomics strategy will be useful for identifying transcription factors from complex mixtures using only defined DNA fragments for purification.

The upstream muscle-specific enhancer of the rat muscle creatine kinase gene is composed of multiple elements

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 2396-2413
Author(s):  
R A Horlick ◽  
P A Benfield
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Transient Expression ◽  
Myogenic Differentiation ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase ◽  
Muscle Creatine Kinase ◽  
Kinase Gene ◽  
Enhancer Element ◽  
Rat Muscle ◽  
Muscle Creatine

A series of constructs that links the rat muscle creatine kinase promoter to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene was generated. These constructs were introduced into differentiating mouse C2C12 myogenic cells to localize sequences that are important for up-regulation of the creatine kinase gene during myogenic differentiation. A muscle-specific enhancer element responsible for induction of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase expression during myogenesis was localized to a 159-base-pair region from 1,031 to 1,190 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site. Analysis of transient expression experiments using promoters mutated by deletion indicated the presence of multiple functional domains within this muscle-specific regulatory element. A DNA fragment spanning this region was used in DNase I protection experiments. Nuclear extracts derived from C2 myotubes protected three regions (designated E1, E2, and E3) on this fragment from digestion, which indicated there may be three or more trans-acting factors that interact with the creatine kinase muscle enhancer. Gel retardation assays revealed that factors able to bind specifically to E1, E2, and E3 are present in a wide variety of tissues and cell types. Transient expression assays demonstrated that elements in regions E1 and E3, but not necessarily E2, are required for full enhancer activity.

Identification of a myocyte nuclear factor that binds to the muscle-specific enhancer of the mouse muscle creatine kinase gene

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 2627-2640
Author(s):  
J N Buskin ◽  
S D Hauschka
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Proximal Promoter ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Mobility Shift ◽  
Muscle Creatine Kinase ◽  
Mouse Muscle ◽  
Nuclear Extracts ◽  
Muscle Creatine

The muscle creatine kinase (MCK) gene is transcriptionally induced when skeletal muscle myoblasts differentiate into myocytes. The gene contains two muscle-specific enhancer elements, one located 1,100 nucleotides (nt)5' of the transcriptional start site and one located in the first intron. We have used gel mobility shift assays to characterize the trans-acting factors that interact with a region of the MCK gene containing the 5' enhancer. MM14 and C2C12 myocyte nuclear extracts contain a sequence-specific DNA-binding factor which recognizes a site within a 110-nt fragment of the MCK enhancer region shown to be sufficient for enhancer function. Preparative mobility shift gels were combined with DNase I footprinting to determine the site of binding within the 110-nt fragment. Site-directed mutagenesis within the footprinted region produced a 110-nt fragment which did not bind the myocyte factor in vitro. The mutant fragment had about 25-fold-less activity as a transcriptional enhancer in myocytes than did the wild-type fragment. Complementary oligomers containing 21 base pairs spanning the region protected from DNase degradation were also specifically bound by MM14 and C2C12 myocyte nuclear factors. The oligomer-binding activity was not found in nuclear extracts from the corresponding myoblasts, in nuclear extracts from a variety of nonmuscle cell types (including differentiation-defective MM14-DD1 cells and 10T1/2 mesodermal stem cells), or in cytoplasmic extracts. Both the 5' and intron 1 enhancer-containing fragments competed for factors that bind the oligomer probe, while total mouse genomic DNA and several DNA fragments containing viral and cellular enhancers did not. Interestingly, a 5' MCK proximal promoter fragment that also contains muscle-specific positive regulatory elements did not compete for factor binding to the oligomer. We have designated the factor which interacts with the two MCK enhancers myocyte-specific enhancer-binding nuclear factor 1 (MEF 1). A consensus for binding sites in muscle-specific regulatory regions is proposed.

scholarly journals Identification of a myocyte nuclear factor that binds to the muscle-specific enhancer of the mouse muscle creatine kinase gene.

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 2627-2640 ◽  
Author(s):  
J N Buskin ◽  
S D Hauschka
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Proximal Promoter ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Mobility Shift ◽  
Muscle Creatine Kinase ◽  
Mouse Muscle ◽  
Nuclear Extracts ◽  
Muscle Creatine

The muscle creatine kinase (MCK) gene is transcriptionally induced when skeletal muscle myoblasts differentiate into myocytes. The gene contains two muscle-specific enhancer elements, one located 1,100 nucleotides (nt)5' of the transcriptional start site and one located in the first intron. We have used gel mobility shift assays to characterize the trans-acting factors that interact with a region of the MCK gene containing the 5' enhancer. MM14 and C2C12 myocyte nuclear extracts contain a sequence-specific DNA-binding factor which recognizes a site within a 110-nt fragment of the MCK enhancer region shown to be sufficient for enhancer function. Preparative mobility shift gels were combined with DNase I footprinting to determine the site of binding within the 110-nt fragment. Site-directed mutagenesis within the footprinted region produced a 110-nt fragment which did not bind the myocyte factor in vitro. The mutant fragment had about 25-fold-less activity as a transcriptional enhancer in myocytes than did the wild-type fragment. Complementary oligomers containing 21 base pairs spanning the region protected from DNase degradation were also specifically bound by MM14 and C2C12 myocyte nuclear factors. The oligomer-binding activity was not found in nuclear extracts from the corresponding myoblasts, in nuclear extracts from a variety of nonmuscle cell types (including differentiation-defective MM14-DD1 cells and 10T1/2 mesodermal stem cells), or in cytoplasmic extracts. Both the 5' and intron 1 enhancer-containing fragments competed for factors that bind the oligomer probe, while total mouse genomic DNA and several DNA fragments containing viral and cellular enhancers did not. Interestingly, a 5' MCK proximal promoter fragment that also contains muscle-specific positive regulatory elements did not compete for factor binding to the oligomer. We have designated the factor which interacts with the two MCK enhancers myocyte-specific enhancer-binding nuclear factor 1 (MEF 1). A consensus for binding sites in muscle-specific regulatory regions is proposed.

scholarly journals Analysis of muscle creatine kinase gene regulatory elements in skeletal and cardiac muscles of transgenic mice.

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1649-1658 ◽  
Author(s):  
D B Donoviel ◽  
M A Shield ◽  
J N Buskin ◽  
H S Haugen ◽  
C H Clegg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Cardiac Muscle ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Muscle Creatine Kinase ◽  
Regulatory Regions ◽  
Mouse Muscle ◽  
Muscle Creatine

Regulatory regions of the mouse muscle creatine kinase (MCK) gene, previously discovered by analysis in cultured muscle cells, were analyzed in transgenic mice. The 206-bp MCK enhancer at nt-1256 was required for high-level expression of MCK-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase fusion genes in skeletal and cardiac muscle; however, unlike its behavior in cell culture, inclusion of the 1-kb region of DNA between the enhancer and the basal promoter produced a 100-fold increase in skeletal muscle activity. Analysis of enhancer control elements also indicated major differences between their properties in transgenic muscles and in cultured muscle cells. Transgenes in which the enhancer right E box or CArG element were mutated exhibited expression levels that were indistinguishable from the wild-type transgene. Mutation of three conserved E boxes in the MCK 1,256-bp 5' region also had no effect on transgene expression in thigh skeletal muscle expression. All these mutations significantly reduced activity in cultured skeletal myocytes. However, the enhancer AT-rich element at nt - 1195 was critical for expression in transgenic skeletal muscle. Mutation of this site reduced skeletal muscle expression to the same level as transgenes lacking the 206-bp enhancer, although mutation of the AT-rich site did not affect cardiac muscle expression. These results demonstrate clear differences between the activity of MCK regulatory regions in cultured muscles cells and in whole adult transgenic muscle. This suggests that there are alternative mechanism of regulating the MCK gene in skeletal and cardiac muscle under different physiological states.

scholarly journals The muscle creatine kinase gene is regulated by multiple upstream elements, including a muscle-specific enhancer.

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
J B Jaynes ◽  
J E Johnson ◽  
J N Buskin ◽  
C L Gartside ◽  
S D Hauschka
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Simian Virus 40 ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Simian Virus ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Transcriptional Enhancer ◽  
Muscle Creatine Kinase ◽  
Kinase Gene ◽  
Muscle Creatine

Muscle creatine kinase (MCK) is induced to high levels during skeletal muscle differentiation. We have examined the upstream regulatory elements of the mouse MCK gene which specify its activation during myogenesis in culture. Fusion genes containing up to 3,300 nucleotides (nt) of MCK 5' flanking DNA in various positions and orientations relative to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) structural gene were transfected into cultured cells. Transient expression of CAT was compared between proliferating and differentiated MM14 mouse myoblasts and with nonmyogenic mouse L cells. The major effector of high-level expression was found to have the properties of a transcriptional enhancer. This element, located between 1,050 and 1,256 nt upstream of the transcription start site, was also found to have a major influence on the tissue and differentiation specificity of MCK expression; it activated either the MCK promoter or heterologous promoters only in differentiated muscle cells. Comparisons of viral and cellular enhancer sequences with the MCK enhancer revealed some similarities to essential regions of the simian virus 40 enhancer as well as to a region of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain enhancer, which has been implicated in tissue-specific protein binding. Even in the absence of the enhancer, low-level expression from a 776-nt MCK promoter retained differentiation specificity. In addition to positive regulatory elements, our data provide some evidence for negative regulatory elements with activity in myoblasts. These may contribute to the cell type and differentiation specificity of MCK expression.

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