scholarly journals Analysis of muscle creatine kinase gene regulatory elements in skeletal and cardiac muscles of transgenic mice.

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1649-1658 ◽  
Author(s):  
D B Donoviel ◽  
M A Shield ◽  
J N Buskin ◽  
H S Haugen ◽  
C H Clegg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Cardiac Muscle ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Muscle Creatine Kinase ◽  
Regulatory Regions ◽  
Mouse Muscle ◽  
Muscle Creatine

Regulatory regions of the mouse muscle creatine kinase (MCK) gene, previously discovered by analysis in cultured muscle cells, were analyzed in transgenic mice. The 206-bp MCK enhancer at nt-1256 was required for high-level expression of MCK-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase fusion genes in skeletal and cardiac muscle; however, unlike its behavior in cell culture, inclusion of the 1-kb region of DNA between the enhancer and the basal promoter produced a 100-fold increase in skeletal muscle activity. Analysis of enhancer control elements also indicated major differences between their properties in transgenic muscles and in cultured muscle cells. Transgenes in which the enhancer right E box or CArG element were mutated exhibited expression levels that were indistinguishable from the wild-type transgene. Mutation of three conserved E boxes in the MCK 1,256-bp 5' region also had no effect on transgene expression in thigh skeletal muscle expression. All these mutations significantly reduced activity in cultured skeletal myocytes. However, the enhancer AT-rich element at nt - 1195 was critical for expression in transgenic skeletal muscle. Mutation of this site reduced skeletal muscle expression to the same level as transgenes lacking the 206-bp enhancer, although mutation of the AT-rich site did not affect cardiac muscle expression. These results demonstrate clear differences between the activity of MCK regulatory regions in cultured muscles cells and in whole adult transgenic muscle. This suggests that there are alternative mechanism of regulating the MCK gene in skeletal and cardiac muscle under different physiological states.

scholarly journals Muscle creatine kinase sequence elements regulating skeletal and cardiac muscle expression in transgenic mice.

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 3393-3399 ◽  
Author(s):  
J E Johnson ◽  
B J Wold ◽  
S D Hauschka
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Cardiac Muscle ◽  
Fusion Gene ◽  
Proximal Promoter ◽  
Muscle Creatine Kinase ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Muscle Creatine

Muscle creatine kinase (MCK) is expressed at high levels only in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues. Previous in vitro transfection studies of skeletal muscle myoblasts and fibroblasts had identified two MCK enhancer elements and one proximal promoter element, each of which exhibited expression only in differentiated skeletal muscle. In this study, we have identified several regions of the mouse MCK gene that are responsible for tissue-specific expression in transgenic mice. A fusion gene containing 3,300 nucleotides of MCK 5' sequence exhibited chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity levels that were more than 10(4)-fold higher in skeletal muscle than in other, nonmuscle tissues such as kidney, liver, and spleen. Expression in cardiac muscle was also greater than in these nonmuscle tissues by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude. Progressive 5' deletions from nucleotide -3300 resulted in reduced expression of the transgene, and one of these resulted in a preferential decrease in expression in cardiac tissue relative to that in skeletal muscle. Of the two enhancer sequences analyzed, only one directed high-level expression in both skeletal and cardiac muscle. The other enhancer activated expression only in skeletal muscle. These data reveal a complex set of cis-acting sequences that have differential effects on MCK expression in skeletal and cardiac muscle.

scholarly journals Muscle creatine kinase sequence elements regulating skeletal and cardiac muscle expression in transgenic mice

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 3393-3399
Author(s):  
J E Johnson ◽  
B J Wold ◽  
S D Hauschka
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Cardiac Muscle ◽  
Fusion Gene ◽  
Proximal Promoter ◽  
Muscle Creatine Kinase ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Muscle Creatine

Muscle creatine kinase (MCK) is expressed at high levels only in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues. Previous in vitro transfection studies of skeletal muscle myoblasts and fibroblasts had identified two MCK enhancer elements and one proximal promoter element, each of which exhibited expression only in differentiated skeletal muscle. In this study, we have identified several regions of the mouse MCK gene that are responsible for tissue-specific expression in transgenic mice. A fusion gene containing 3,300 nucleotides of MCK 5' sequence exhibited chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity levels that were more than 10(4)-fold higher in skeletal muscle than in other, nonmuscle tissues such as kidney, liver, and spleen. Expression in cardiac muscle was also greater than in these nonmuscle tissues by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude. Progressive 5' deletions from nucleotide -3300 resulted in reduced expression of the transgene, and one of these resulted in a preferential decrease in expression in cardiac tissue relative to that in skeletal muscle. Of the two enhancer sequences analyzed, only one directed high-level expression in both skeletal and cardiac muscle. The other enhancer activated expression only in skeletal muscle. These data reveal a complex set of cis-acting sequences that have differential effects on MCK expression in skeletal and cardiac muscle.

Identification of a myocyte nuclear factor that binds to the muscle-specific enhancer of the mouse muscle creatine kinase gene

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 2627-2640
Author(s):  
J N Buskin ◽  
S D Hauschka
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Proximal Promoter ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Mobility Shift ◽  
Muscle Creatine Kinase ◽  
Mouse Muscle ◽  
Nuclear Extracts ◽  
Muscle Creatine

The muscle creatine kinase (MCK) gene is transcriptionally induced when skeletal muscle myoblasts differentiate into myocytes. The gene contains two muscle-specific enhancer elements, one located 1,100 nucleotides (nt)5' of the transcriptional start site and one located in the first intron. We have used gel mobility shift assays to characterize the trans-acting factors that interact with a region of the MCK gene containing the 5' enhancer. MM14 and C2C12 myocyte nuclear extracts contain a sequence-specific DNA-binding factor which recognizes a site within a 110-nt fragment of the MCK enhancer region shown to be sufficient for enhancer function. Preparative mobility shift gels were combined with DNase I footprinting to determine the site of binding within the 110-nt fragment. Site-directed mutagenesis within the footprinted region produced a 110-nt fragment which did not bind the myocyte factor in vitro. The mutant fragment had about 25-fold-less activity as a transcriptional enhancer in myocytes than did the wild-type fragment. Complementary oligomers containing 21 base pairs spanning the region protected from DNase degradation were also specifically bound by MM14 and C2C12 myocyte nuclear factors. The oligomer-binding activity was not found in nuclear extracts from the corresponding myoblasts, in nuclear extracts from a variety of nonmuscle cell types (including differentiation-defective MM14-DD1 cells and 10T1/2 mesodermal stem cells), or in cytoplasmic extracts. Both the 5' and intron 1 enhancer-containing fragments competed for factors that bind the oligomer probe, while total mouse genomic DNA and several DNA fragments containing viral and cellular enhancers did not. Interestingly, a 5' MCK proximal promoter fragment that also contains muscle-specific positive regulatory elements did not compete for factor binding to the oligomer. We have designated the factor which interacts with the two MCK enhancers myocyte-specific enhancer-binding nuclear factor 1 (MEF 1). A consensus for binding sites in muscle-specific regulatory regions is proposed.

scholarly journals Identification of a myocyte nuclear factor that binds to the muscle-specific enhancer of the mouse muscle creatine kinase gene.

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 2627-2640 ◽  
Author(s):  
J N Buskin ◽  
S D Hauschka
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Proximal Promoter ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Mobility Shift ◽  
Muscle Creatine Kinase ◽  
Mouse Muscle ◽  
Nuclear Extracts ◽  
Muscle Creatine

The muscle creatine kinase (MCK) gene is transcriptionally induced when skeletal muscle myoblasts differentiate into myocytes. The gene contains two muscle-specific enhancer elements, one located 1,100 nucleotides (nt)5' of the transcriptional start site and one located in the first intron. We have used gel mobility shift assays to characterize the trans-acting factors that interact with a region of the MCK gene containing the 5' enhancer. MM14 and C2C12 myocyte nuclear extracts contain a sequence-specific DNA-binding factor which recognizes a site within a 110-nt fragment of the MCK enhancer region shown to be sufficient for enhancer function. Preparative mobility shift gels were combined with DNase I footprinting to determine the site of binding within the 110-nt fragment. Site-directed mutagenesis within the footprinted region produced a 110-nt fragment which did not bind the myocyte factor in vitro. The mutant fragment had about 25-fold-less activity as a transcriptional enhancer in myocytes than did the wild-type fragment. Complementary oligomers containing 21 base pairs spanning the region protected from DNase degradation were also specifically bound by MM14 and C2C12 myocyte nuclear factors. The oligomer-binding activity was not found in nuclear extracts from the corresponding myoblasts, in nuclear extracts from a variety of nonmuscle cell types (including differentiation-defective MM14-DD1 cells and 10T1/2 mesodermal stem cells), or in cytoplasmic extracts. Both the 5' and intron 1 enhancer-containing fragments competed for factors that bind the oligomer probe, while total mouse genomic DNA and several DNA fragments containing viral and cellular enhancers did not. Interestingly, a 5' MCK proximal promoter fragment that also contains muscle-specific positive regulatory elements did not compete for factor binding to the oligomer. We have designated the factor which interacts with the two MCK enhancers myocyte-specific enhancer-binding nuclear factor 1 (MEF 1). A consensus for binding sites in muscle-specific regulatory regions is proposed.

scholarly journals Brain and muscle creatine kinase genes contain common TA-rich recognition protein-binding regulatory elements.

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 4826-4836 ◽  
Author(s):  
R A Horlick ◽  
G M Hobson ◽  
J H Patterson ◽  
M T Mitchell ◽  
P A Benfield
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Binding Site ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Gene Promoter ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Muscle Creatine Kinase ◽  
Enhancer Activity ◽  
L6 Myotubes ◽  
Recognition Protein ◽  
Muscle Creatine

We have previously reported that the rat brain creatine kinase (ckb) gene promoter contains an AT-rich sequence that is a binding site for a protein called TARP (TA-rich recognition protein). This AT-rich segment is a positively acting regulatory element for the ckb promoter. A similar AT-rich DNA segment is found at the 3' end of the 5' muscle-specific enhancer of the rat muscle creatine kinase (ckm) gene and has been shown to be necessary for full muscle-specific enhancer activity. In this report, we show that TARP binds not only to the ckb promoter but also to the AT-rich segment at the 3' end of the muscle-specific ckm enhancer. A second, weaker TARP-binding site was identified in the ckm enhancer and lies at the 5' end of the minimal enhancer segment. TARP was found in both muscle cells (C2 and L6 myotubes) and nonmuscle (HeLa) cells and appeared to be indistinguishable from both sources, as judged by gel retardation and footprinting assays. The TARP-binding sites in the ckm enhancer and the ckb promoter were found to be functionally interchangeable. We propose that TARP is active in both muscle and nonmuscle cells and that it is one of many potential activators that may interact with muscle-specific regulators to determine the myogenic phenotype.

scholarly journals Analysis of Muscle Creatine Kinase Regulatory Elements in Recombinant Adenoviral Vectors

2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Hauser ◽  
Ann Robinson ◽  
Dennis Hartigan-O'Connor ◽  
DeeAnn Williams-Gregory ◽  
Jean N. Buskin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Adenoviral Vectors ◽  
Muscle Creatine Kinase ◽  
Muscle Creatine

The muscle creatine kinase gene is regulated by multiple upstream elements, including a muscle-specific enhancer

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-70
Author(s):  
J B Jaynes ◽  
J E Johnson ◽  
J N Buskin ◽  
C L Gartside ◽  
S D Hauschka
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Simian Virus 40 ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Simian Virus ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Transcriptional Enhancer ◽  
Muscle Creatine Kinase ◽  
Kinase Gene ◽  
Muscle Creatine

Muscle creatine kinase (MCK) is induced to high levels during skeletal muscle differentiation. We have examined the upstream regulatory elements of the mouse MCK gene which specify its activation during myogenesis in culture. Fusion genes containing up to 3,300 nucleotides (nt) of MCK 5' flanking DNA in various positions and orientations relative to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) structural gene were transfected into cultured cells. Transient expression of CAT was compared between proliferating and differentiated MM14 mouse myoblasts and with nonmyogenic mouse L cells. The major effector of high-level expression was found to have the properties of a transcriptional enhancer. This element, located between 1,050 and 1,256 nt upstream of the transcription start site, was also found to have a major influence on the tissue and differentiation specificity of MCK expression; it activated either the MCK promoter or heterologous promoters only in differentiated muscle cells. Comparisons of viral and cellular enhancer sequences with the MCK enhancer revealed some similarities to essential regions of the simian virus 40 enhancer as well as to a region of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain enhancer, which has been implicated in tissue-specific protein binding. Even in the absence of the enhancer, low-level expression from a 776-nt MCK promoter retained differentiation specificity. In addition to positive regulatory elements, our data provide some evidence for negative regulatory elements with activity in myoblasts. These may contribute to the cell type and differentiation specificity of MCK expression.

A ras-dependent pathway abolishes activity of a muscle-specific enhancer upstream from the muscle creatine kinase gene

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 594-601
Author(s):  
E A Sternberg ◽  
G Spizz ◽  
M E Perry ◽  
E N Olson
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Myogenic Differentiation ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Proximal Promoter ◽  
Muscle Creatine Kinase ◽  
Kinase Gene ◽  
Muscle Creatine ◽  
Ras Oncogenes

Differentiation of skeletal myoblasts is accompanied by induction of a series of tissue-specific genes whose products are required for the specialized functions of the mature muscle fiber. The program for myogenic differentiation is subject to negative control by several peptide growth factors and by the products of mutationally activated ras oncogenes, which persistently activate intracellular cascades normally triggered by specific growth factors. Previously, we reported that induction of the muscle creatine kinase (mck) gene during myogenesis was dependent on a distal upstream enhancer that cooperated with a proximal promoter to direct high levels of expression in developing muscle cells (E. A. Sternberg, G. Spizz, W. M. Perry, D. Vizard, T. Weil, and E. N. Olson, Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:2896-2909). To investigate the mechanisms whereby ras blocks the induction of muscle-specific genes, we have examined the ability of mck 5' regulatory elements to direct expression of the linked reporter gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) in C2 myoblasts bearing mutant N-ras and H-ras oncogenes. In this paper we report that expression of activated ras alleles abolishes activity of the mck upstream enhancer but does not affect the activity of the mck promoter. The ability of ras to repress the expression of mck-cat fusion genes that have been transfected either transiently or stably into myoblasts suggests that ras may exert its effects on muscle-specific genes through mechanisms independent of chromatin configurations or DNA methylation. These results also suggest that ras blocks establishment of the myogenic phenotype by preventing the accumulation of regulatory factors required for transcriptional induction of muscle-specific genes.

Creatine kinase isoenzymes of mitochondrial origin in human serum.

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 943-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
G P James ◽  
R L Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Muscle Creatine Kinase ◽  
Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis ◽  
University Of Texas ◽  
Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes ◽  
Mitochondrial Origin ◽  
Muscle Creatine

Abstract We measured creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) activity in 1009 serum samples from 538 patients in the intensive-care units of the University of Texas Medical Branch hospitals. Creatine kinase isoenzymes migrating cathodal to skeletal muscle creatine kinase (CK-MM) on cellulose acetate electrophoresis were found in sera from 14 of the 538 patients. Creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), and alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) activities were abnormally increased in these 14 patients. Liver lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme (LDH5) and cardiac creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) were abnormally increased in 12 and eight of these patients, respectively. Ten of the 14 patients died during their hospital admission. We believe the creatine kinase isoenzymes that migrated cathodal to skeletal muscle creatine kinase (CK-MM) were of mitochondrial origin.

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