scholarly journals Variation of tandem repeats in the developmentally regulated procyclic acidic repetitive proteins of Trypanosoma brucei.

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1332-1335 ◽  
Author(s):  
M R Mowatt ◽  
G S Wisdom ◽  
C E Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Northern Hybridization ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
Coordinate Regulation ◽  
Polymorphic Genes ◽  
Alpha Gene ◽  
Carboxy Terminal

The procyclic acidic repetitive proteins (PARPs) of Trypanosoma brucei are developmentally regulated surface proteins encoded by a family of polymorphic genes. We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of a novel member of the PARP gene family and investigated its expression. The amino acid sequence deduced from the parpA alpha gene showed a marked conservation of both the amino- and carboxy-terminal regions compared with other PARPs but revealed the substitution of a pentapeptide for the dipeptide repeating unit that is characteristic of all other PARPs. Northern hybridization analysis indicated that expression of the parpA alpha gene, like that of other members of this gene family, is confined to the procyclic stage of the T. brucei life cycle. This result implies coordinate regulation of the unlinked genetic loci that encode PARPs.

Variation of tandem repeats in the developmentally regulated procyclic acidic repetitive proteins of Trypanosoma brucei

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1332-1335
Author(s):  
M R Mowatt ◽  
G S Wisdom ◽  
C E Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Northern Hybridization ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
Coordinate Regulation ◽  
Polymorphic Genes ◽  
Alpha Gene ◽  
Carboxy Terminal

The procyclic acidic repetitive proteins (PARPs) of Trypanosoma brucei are developmentally regulated surface proteins encoded by a family of polymorphic genes. We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of a novel member of the PARP gene family and investigated its expression. The amino acid sequence deduced from the parpA alpha gene showed a marked conservation of both the amino- and carboxy-terminal regions compared with other PARPs but revealed the substitution of a pentapeptide for the dipeptide repeating unit that is characteristic of all other PARPs. Northern hybridization analysis indicated that expression of the parpA alpha gene, like that of other members of this gene family, is confined to the procyclic stage of the T. brucei life cycle. This result implies coordinate regulation of the unlinked genetic loci that encode PARPs.

Developmental regulation of a novel repetitive protein of Trypanosoma brucei

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 2838-2844
Author(s):  
M R Mowatt ◽  
C E Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Signal Sequence ◽  
Developmental Regulation ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
Hydrophobic Domain ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Amino Terminal ◽  
Membrane Bound

Trypanosoma brucei undergoes many morphological and biochemical changes during transformation from the bloodstream trypomastigote to the insect procyclic trypomastigote form. We cloned and determined the complete nucleotide sequence of a developmentally regulated cDNA. The corresponding mRNA was abundant in in vitro-cultivated procyclics but absent in bloodstream forms. The trypanosome genome contains eight genes homologous to this cDNA, arranged as four unlinked pairs of tandem repeats. The longest open reading frame of the cDNA predicts a protein of 15 kilodaltons, the central portion of which consists of 29 tandem glutamate-proline dipeptides. The repetitive region is preceded by an amino-terminal signal sequence and followed by a hydrophobic domain that could serve as a membrane anchor; the mRNA was found on membrane-bound polyribosomes. These results suggest that the protein is membrane associated.

Transcription of the procyclic acidic repetitive protein genes of Trypanosoma brucei

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 3036-3047
Author(s):  
C E Clayton ◽  
J P Fueri ◽  
J E Itzhaki ◽  
V Bellofatto ◽  
D R Sherman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
Putative Promoter Region ◽  
Transcriptional Initiation ◽  
Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase Gene ◽  
Alpha Amanitin ◽  
Repetitive Protein

The procyclic acidic repetitive protein (parp) genes of Trypanosoma brucei encode a small family of abundant surface proteins whose expression is restricted to the procyclic form of the parasite. They are found at two unlinked loci, parpA and parpB; transcription of both loci is developmentally regulated. The region of homology upstream of the A and B parp genes is only 640 base pairs long and may contain sequences responsible for transcriptional initiation and regulation. Transcription upstream of this putative promoter region is not developmentally regulated and is much less active than that of the parp genes; the polymerase responsible is inhibited by alpha-amanitin, whereas that transcribing the parp genes is not. Transcription of the parp genes is strongly stimulated by low levels of UV irradiation. The putative parp promoter, when placed upstream of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene, is sufficient to cause production of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in a T. brucei DNA transformation assay. Taken together, these results suggest that a promoter for an alpha-amanitin-resistant RNA polymerase lies less than 600 nucleotides upstream of the parp genes.

scholarly journals Developmental Variation in Rab11-Dependent Trafficking in Trypanosoma brucei

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 971-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belinda S. Hall ◽  
Emma Smith ◽  
Wolfram Langer ◽  
Louisa A. Jacobs ◽  
David Goulding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Fluid Phase ◽  
Small Gtpase ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Surface Glycoprotein ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Flagellar Pocket ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
Developmental Variation ◽  
Fluid Phase Endocytosis

ABSTRACT In Trypanosoma brucei, endocytosis is developmentally regulated and is substantially more active in the mammalian infective stage, where it likely plays a role in immune evasion. The small GTPase TbRAB11 is highly expressed in the mammalian stage and mediates recycling of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, including the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) and the transferrin receptor, plus trafficking of internalized anti-VSG antibody and transferrin. No function has been assigned to TbRAB11 in the procyclic (insect) stage trypanosome. The importance of TbRAB11 to both bloodstream and procyclic form viability was assessed by RNA interference (RNAi). Suppression of TbRAB11 in the bloodstream form was rapidly lethal and led to cells with round morphology and an enlarged flagellar pocket. TbRAB11 RNAi was also lethal in procyclic forms, which also became rounded, but progression to cell death was significantly slower and the flagellar pocket remained normal. In bloodstream forms, silencing of TbRAB11 had no effect on exocytosis of newly synthesized VSG, fluid-phase endocytosis, or transferrin uptake, but export of internalized transferrin was inhibited. Lectin endocytosis assays revealed a block to postendosomal transport mediated by suppressing TbRAB11. By contrast, in procyclic forms, depletion of TbRAB11 blocks both fluid-phase endocytosis and internalization of surface proteins. In normal bloodstream forms, most VSG is recycled, but in procyclics, internalized surface proteins accumulated in the lysosome. These data demonstrate that TbRAB11 controls recycling and is essential in both life stages of T. brucei but that its primary role is subject to developmental variation.

scholarly journals Developmental regulation of a novel repetitive protein of Trypanosoma brucei.

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 2838-2844 ◽  
Author(s):  
M R Mowatt ◽  
C E Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Signal Sequence ◽  
Developmental Regulation ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
Hydrophobic Domain ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Amino Terminal ◽  
Membrane Bound

Trypanosoma brucei undergoes many morphological and biochemical changes during transformation from the bloodstream trypomastigote to the insect procyclic trypomastigote form. We cloned and determined the complete nucleotide sequence of a developmentally regulated cDNA. The corresponding mRNA was abundant in in vitro-cultivated procyclics but absent in bloodstream forms. The trypanosome genome contains eight genes homologous to this cDNA, arranged as four unlinked pairs of tandem repeats. The longest open reading frame of the cDNA predicts a protein of 15 kilodaltons, the central portion of which consists of 29 tandem glutamate-proline dipeptides. The repetitive region is preceded by an amino-terminal signal sequence and followed by a hydrophobic domain that could serve as a membrane anchor; the mRNA was found on membrane-bound polyribosomes. These results suggest that the protein is membrane associated.

A new developmentally regulated gene family in Leishmania amastigotes encoding a homolog of amastin surface proteins

2000 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Wu ◽  
Youssef El Fakhry ◽  
Denis Sereno ◽  
Samira Tamar ◽  
Barbara Papadopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
Leishmania Amastigotes

scholarly journals Transcription of the procyclic acidic repetitive protein genes of Trypanosoma brucei.

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 3036-3047 ◽  
Author(s):  
C E Clayton ◽  
J P Fueri ◽  
J E Itzhaki ◽  
V Bellofatto ◽  
D R Sherman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
Putative Promoter Region ◽  
Transcriptional Initiation ◽  
Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase Gene ◽  
Alpha Amanitin ◽  
Repetitive Protein

The procyclic acidic repetitive protein (parp) genes of Trypanosoma brucei encode a small family of abundant surface proteins whose expression is restricted to the procyclic form of the parasite. They are found at two unlinked loci, parpA and parpB; transcription of both loci is developmentally regulated. The region of homology upstream of the A and B parp genes is only 640 base pairs long and may contain sequences responsible for transcriptional initiation and regulation. Transcription upstream of this putative promoter region is not developmentally regulated and is much less active than that of the parp genes; the polymerase responsible is inhibited by alpha-amanitin, whereas that transcribing the parp genes is not. Transcription of the parp genes is strongly stimulated by low levels of UV irradiation. The putative parp promoter, when placed upstream of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene, is sufficient to cause production of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in a T. brucei DNA transformation assay. Taken together, these results suggest that a promoter for an alpha-amanitin-resistant RNA polymerase lies less than 600 nucleotides upstream of the parp genes.

scholarly journals Expression of a gene duplication encoding conserved sperm tail proteins is translationally regulated in Drosophila melanogaster.

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1708-1718 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Schäfer ◽  
D Börsch ◽  
A Hülster ◽  
U Schäfer
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Translational Control ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Homologous Gene ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Sperm Tail ◽  
Repetitive Motif ◽  
Carboxy Terminal

We have analyzed a locus of Drosophila melanogaster located at 98C on chromosome 3, which contains two tandemly arranged genes, named Mst98Ca and Mst98Cb. They are two additional members of the Mst(3)CGP gene family by three criteria. (i) Both genes are exclusively transcribed in the male germ line. (ii) Both transcripts encode a protein with a high proportion of the repetitive motif Cys-Gly-Pro. (iii) Their expression is translationally controlled; while transcripts can be detected in diploid stages of spermatogenesis, association with polysomes can be shown only in haploid stages of sperm development. The genes differ markedly from the other members of the gene family in structure; they do not contain introns, they are of much larger size, and they have the Cys-Gly-Pro motifs clustered at the carboxy-terminal end of the encoded proteins. An antibody generated against the Mst98Ca protein recognizes both Mst98C proteins in D. melanogaster. In a male-sterile mutation in which spermiogenesis is blocked before individualization of sperm, both of these proteins are no longer synthesized. This finding provides proof of late translation for the Mst98C proteins and thereby independent proof of translational control of expression. Northern (RNA) and Western immunoblot analyses indicate the presence of homologous gene families in many other Drosophila species. The Mst98C proteins share sequence homology with proteins of the outer dense fibers in mammalian spermatozoa and can be localized to the sperm tail by immunofluorescence with an anti-Mst98Ca antibody.

Pseudouridines on Trypanosoma brucei mRNAs are developmentally regulated: implications to mRNA stability and protein binding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Shanmugha Rajan ◽  
Kathy Adler ◽  
Hava Madmoni ◽  
Dana Chen ◽  
Smadar Cohen‐Chalamish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Binding ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Mrna Stability ◽  
Developmentally Regulated

scholarly journals Understudied G Protein-Coupled Receptors in the Kidney

Nephron ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Nathan A. Zaidman ◽  
Jennifer L. Pluznick
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
G Protein ◽  
External Environment ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Cell Surface Proteins ◽  
Large Subset ◽  
G Protein Coupled

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are cell surface proteins which play a key role in allowing cells, tissues, and organs to respond to changes in the external environment in order to maintain homeostasis. Despite the fact that GPCRs are known to play key roles in a variety of tissues, there are a large subset of GPCRs that remain poorly studied. In this minireview, we will summarize what is known regarding the “understudied” GPCRs with respect to renal function, and in so doing will highlight the promise represented by studying this gene family.

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