A novel mesophilic bacterium, strain GO25T, was isolated from a nest of hydrothermal vent polychaetes, Paralvinella sp., at the Iheya North field in the Mid-Okinawa Trough. Cells were motile short rods with a single polar flagellum. Growth was observed between 4 and 35 °C (optimum 30 °C; 13–16 h doubling time) and between pH 5.4 and 8.6 (optimum pH 6.1). The isolate was a facultatively anaerobic chemolithoautotroph capable of growth using molecular hydrogen, elemental sulfur or thiosulfate as the sole energy source, carbon dioxide as the sole carbon source, ammonium or nitrate as the sole nitrogen source and elemental sulfur, thiosulfate or yeast extract as the sole sulfur source. Strain GO25T represents the first deep-sea epsilonproteobacterium capable of growth by both hydrogen and sulfur oxidation. Nitrate or molecular oxygen (up to 10 % partial pressure) could serve as the sole electron acceptor to support growth. Metabolic products of nitrate reduction shifted in response to the electron donor provided. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 37.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the novel isolate belonged to the genus Sulfurimonas and was most closely related to Sulfurimonas autotrophica OK10T (96.3 % sequence similarity). DNA–DNA hybridization demonstrated that the novel isolate could be differentiated genotypically from Sulfurimonas autotrophica OK10T. On the basis of the physiological and molecular properties of the novel isolate, the name Sulfurimonas paralvinellae sp. nov. is proposed, with strain GO25T (=JCM 13212T=DSM 17229T) as the type strain. Thiomicrospira denitrificans DSM 1251T (=ATCC 33889T) is phylogenetically associated with Sulfurimonas autotrophica OK10T and Sulfurimonas paralvinellae GO25T. Based on the phylogenetic relationship between Thiomicrospira denitrificans DSM 1251T, Sulfurimonas autotrophica OK10T and Sulfurimonas paralvinellae GO25T, we propose the reclassification of Thiomicrospira denitrificans as Sulfurimonas denitrificans comb. nov. (type strain DSM 1251T=ATCC 33889T). In addition, an emended description of the genus Sulfurimonas is proposed.
Conspicuous Smooth and White Egg-Shaped Sulfur Structures on a Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Formed by Sulfide-Oxidizing Bacteria
