BURIAL, MATURATION AND MIGRATION OF CRUDE OILS FOUND IN CARBONIFEROUS SANDSTONE RESERVOIRS, BLACK WARRIOR BASIN, NORTHWESTERN ALABAMA

The distributions of methylated naphthalenes in crude oils carry within them detailed information regarding the geological history of the oils. The effects of thermal stress, mixing, biodegradation and migration contamination all leave recognisable imprints, which can be deconvoluted. An extended suite of crude oils from several locations in Australia was analysed for their methylated naphthalene content. It was shown that three ratios of selected isomers, each reflecting the same underlying sedimentary reactions, are linearly related to each other when thermal stress has been the only factor controlling the distribution of methylated naphthalenes. This internal consistency allows for an assessment of maturity independent of source, age and location of the crude oil. When the relationships between the three ratios are not linear, secondary processes such as mixing, biodegradation or migration contamination have affected the crude oil. Close examination of the distribution of methylated naphthalenes can reveal the extent to which either of these processes has affected the oil.

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Application of carboxylic acid biomarkers as indicators of biodegradation and migration of crude oils from the Maracaibo Basin, Western Venezuela

Organic Geochemistry ◽

10.1016/0146-6380(93)90107-m ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 20 (7) ◽

pp. 973-984 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Rudolf Jaffé ◽

Maria T. Gallardo

Keyword(s):

Carboxylic Acid ◽

Crude Oils ◽

Maracaibo Basin ◽

And Migration

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AGE DETERMINATION OF CRUDE OILS IN THE BARROW SUB- BASIN USING PALAEOCLIMATE RELATED VARIATIONS IN HIGHER PLANT BIOMARKERS

The APPEA Journal ◽

10.1071/aj98022 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 399

Author(s):

B.G.K. van Aarssen ◽

T.P. Bastow ◽

R ◽

Alexander ◽

R.I. Kagi

Keyword(s):

Source Rock ◽

Age Groups ◽

Age Determination ◽

Source Rocks ◽

Crude Oils ◽

Higher Plant ◽

Sedimentary Sequences ◽

And Migration ◽

Oil Source ◽

Migration Pathways

Variations in higher-plant-derived biomarkers in sedimentary sequences reflect changes in the palaeoclimatic conditions at the time of deposition. It is thought that changes in climate affect the distribution of higher plant populations growing on the hinterland, thus changing the contribution of these plants into the sediments. These variations can be measured using the abundances of three aromatic hydrocarbons: retene, cadalene and iP-iHMN. This was done for a Jurassic sedimentary sequence from the Koolinda–1 well in the Barrow Sub-basin, The obtained profile was related to an absolute time-scale. Measurement of the higher-plant-derived biomarkers in crude oils from the Barrow Sub-basin enabled accurate measurement of the age of their source rocks by using the Koolinda–1 profile as a reference. Most of these oils correlate with the Jurassic W. spectabilis dinoflagellate zone in the Oxfordian. Within this zone the oils fall into four age groups, reflecting four oil-prone intervals each separated by approximately 0.2 My. The oils that have been generated from each group can be found in specific reservoirs in the sub-basin, showing a pattern of migration away from the depocentre with decreasing age of the source rock. This method of determining the source rock age of crude oils enables detailed oil-source rock correlations. On a basin-wide scale it can provide insight into the location of major source rocks and migration pathways.

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Demonstration of Retinal Glycogen with Silver Methenamine

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100066875 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 564-565

Author(s):

A. W. Sedar ◽

G. H. Bresnick

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Chromic Acid ◽

Periodic Acid ◽

Müller Cell ◽

External Limiting Membrane ◽

Electron Microscope Level ◽

Reactive Process ◽

Inner Limiting Membrane ◽

Muller Cell ◽

And Migration

After experimetnal damage to the retina with a variety of procedures Müller cell hypertrophy and migration occurs. According to Kuwabara and others the reactive process in these injuries is evidenced by a marked increase in amount of glycogen in the Müller cells. These cells were considered originally supporting elements with fiber processes extending throughout the retina from inner limiting membrane to external limiting membrane, but are known now to have high lactic acid dehydrogenase activity and the ability to synthesize glycogen. Since the periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine technique was shown to demonstrate glycogen at the electron microscope level, it was selected to react with glycogen in the fine processes of the Müller cell that ramify among the neural elements in various layers of the retina and demarcate these cells cytologically. The Rhesus monkey was chosen as an example of a well vascularized retina and the rabbit as an example of a avascular retina to explore the possibilities of the technique.

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Structure and migration of planar defects in crystals observed in atomic scale

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100108568 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 284-285 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

H. Hashimoto ◽

Y. Sugimoto ◽

Y. Takai ◽

H. Endoh

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

Rotation Angle ◽

Crystal Surface ◽

Electron Gun ◽

Atomic Scale ◽

Present Observation ◽

Twist Boundary ◽

Optical Magnification ◽

Zinc Crystal ◽

And Migration

As was demonstrated by the present authors that atomic structure of simple crystal can be photographed by the conventional 100 kV electron microscope adjusted at “aberration free focus (AFF)” condition. In order to operate the microscope at AFF condition effectively, highly stabilized electron beams with small energy spread and small beam divergence are necessary. In the present observation, a 120 kV electron microscope with LaB6 electron gun was used. The most of the images were taken with the direct electron optical magnification of 1.3 million times and then magnified photographically.1. Twist boundary of ZnSFig. 1 is the image of wurtzite single crystal with twist boundary grown on the surface of zinc crystal by the reaction of sulphur vapour of 1540 Torr at 500°C. Crystal surface is parallel to (00.1) plane and electron beam is incident along the axis normal to the crystal surface. In the twist boundary there is a dislocation net work between two perfect crystals with a certain rotation angle.

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