Dynamic-Stochastic Modeling of the Paleo-Caspian Sea Long-Term Level Variations (14–4 Thousand Years BC)

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 854-863
Author(s):  
A. V. Frolov
2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-87
Author(s):  
A.G Terekhov ◽  
◽  
N.I. Ivkina ◽  
N.N. Abayev ◽  
A.V. Galayeva ◽  
...  

The Snow Depth FEWS NET daily product was used to analyze snowy regime of the upper part of the River Emba basin from January 1 to April 30 for the period of 2001...2020. The Emba River basin is situated in Kazakhstan at the Eastern coast of the Caspian Sea. The area is characterized by the arid and extreme continental climate with dry-steppe and semi-desert landscapes. The population is small and the anthropogenic impact on the snow cover is minimal there. These conditions give an opportunity to identify the natural tendency in long-term changes of snow covering in semidesert zone of Kazakhstan. This paper describes the characteristics of the formation and destruction of the snow cover in the last 20 years. It was indicated that snowy regime has a trigger structure including two states; low-snowy regime and others years. It was shown that the snowy conditions are triggered. There are two modes, the first, as a low-snowy regime (up to 50 % of the entire sample) and the second mode includes other years. Significant variations of snow depth in various years masked many years’ tendencies of snow cover characteristics. But low-snowy regime was observed four times during five last years that can relate with modern decreasing snow covering in semi-desert zone of Kazakhstan.


2021 ◽  
pp. 293-316
Author(s):  
Juan Antonio Morales ◽  
Paul Reding

This last chapter deals with the toolbox that central banks use to design and implement their monetary policy strategy. Central banks develop various types of model, both for forecasting and for policy analysis. The chapter discusses the main characteristics of the models used, their strengths and limitations. It assesses how dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models are used for monetary policy analysis. Examples are provided on how they contribute to explore fundamental, long-term policy issues specific to LFDCs. The chapter also discusses the contribution of small semi-structural models which, though less strongly theory grounded than DSGE models, can be brought closer to the available data and are therefore possibly better suited to the context of LFDCs. Attention is also drawn to the key role of judgement as the indispensable complement, in monetary policy decision-making, to model-based policy analysis.


2020 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 103771
Author(s):  
D. Lucio ◽  
A. Tomás ◽  
J.L. Lara ◽  
P. Camus ◽  
I.J. Losada

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 3635
Author(s):  
David Alaminos ◽  
Ana León-Gómez ◽  
José Ramón Sánchez-Serrano

This paper aims to provide a better basis for understanding the transmission connection between tourism development and sustainable economic growth in the empirical scenario of International countries. In this way, we have applied the dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model in different countries in order to check the power of generalization of this framework to study the tourism development. Also, we extend this model to obtain the long-term effects of tourism development with confidence intervals. The influence of tourism development on sustainable economic growth is proved by our results and show the indirect consequences between tourist activity and other industries produced through the external effects of investment and human capital and public sector. Our study confirms that the DSGE technique can be a generalized model for the analysis of tourism development and, especially, can improve previous precision results with the DSGE-VAR model, where vector autoregression (VAR) is introduced in the DSGE model. The simulation results reveal even more than when the productivity of the economy in general enhances, as the current tourist demand increases in greater proportion than more than the national tourism demand. For its part, the consumption of domestic tourism rises more than the consumption of inbound tourism if the productivity of the tourism production enhances, but non-tourism prices decrease at a slower rate and tourism investment needs a longer time to recover to what is established.


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