FEATURES OF SNOW COVER OF SEMI-DESERTS AND DRY STEPPES OF THE CASPIAN SEA ACCORDING TO SATELLITE DATA FOR THE PERIOD 2001...2020

The Snow Depth FEWS NET daily product was used to analyze snowy regime of the upper part of the River Emba basin from January 1 to April 30 for the period of 2001...2020. The Emba River basin is situated in Kazakhstan at the Eastern coast of the Caspian Sea. The area is characterized by the arid and extreme continental climate with dry-steppe and semi-desert landscapes. The population is small and the anthropogenic impact on the snow cover is minimal there. These conditions give an opportunity to identify the natural tendency in long-term changes of snow covering in semidesert zone of Kazakhstan. This paper describes the characteristics of the formation and destruction of the snow cover in the last 20 years. It was indicated that snowy regime has a trigger structure including two states; low-snowy regime and others years. It was shown that the snowy conditions are triggered. There are two modes, the first, as a low-snowy regime (up to 50 % of the entire sample) and the second mode includes other years. Significant variations of snow depth in various years masked many years’ tendencies of snow cover characteristics. But low-snowy regime was observed four times during five last years that can relate with modern decreasing snow covering in semi-desert zone of Kazakhstan.

ACCIDENTAL HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA OBSERVED ON THE TERRITORY OF KAZAKHSTAN IN 2020

The article presents an overview of a brief description of the weather, information about accidental meteorological phenomena, a brief description of the synoptic processes that caused their occurrence on the territory of Kazakhstan in 2020. Reviews of accidental hydrological and agrometeorological conditions observed in the territory under consideration in 2020 and an overview of the state of the water surface of the Northern and Middle Caspian Sea are also presented.

THE ROLE OF THE SYSTEM OF PASTURE TERMS AND TOPONYMS OF SARYARKA IN DETERMINING LANDSCAPE FEATURES

In market conditions, one of the key issues of management is the effective use of available natural resources. In agricultural production, these are the problems of using land resources. An urgent task is the rational use of pasture resources according to the seasons of the year for the management of pasture cattle breeding. The article considers the reflection in geographical names of pasture names and terms used in traditional animal husbandry, which provide important information about the features of the landscape. In addition, the regularities of the use of natural conditions by the ethnic group that inhabited this territory, the spatial distribution of pasture terms characteristic ofa particular landscape are determined.

ESTIMATION OF EMISSIONS FROM FLUORINE ODS SUBSTITUTES IN KAZAKHSTAN IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE NATIONAL INVENTRATION OF GREENHOUSE GASES

The methodological approaches and results of the assessment of the sector of fluorine substitutes for hydrochlorofluorocarbons in the Republic of Kazakhstan are considered. It is shown that in the current situation, domestic consumption is estimated through an annual voluntary survey, and does not have a centralized nature. However, the approaches that have been developed make it possible to make an assessment with a fairly high accuracy, covering the main exporters of refrigerants.

THE MAIN DIRECTIONS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH OF TOPONYMY OF SARYARKA

Modern toponymy develops at the intersection of geographical, linguistic and historical sciences, so the research methods are also based on the methodological foundations of these three sciences. The main research methods include descriptive, historical, lexicon-geographical, comparativegeographical, cartographic (GIS), and statistical methods. The predominance of a particular method depends on the characteristics of toponyms, the conditions of their historical and geographical development, and the geographical features of the territory under study. The article deals with the history of the study of the toponymy of Saryarka, which covers a large territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In addition, along with the research methods, the place and possibilities of using geoinformation (GIS), cartographic methods in toponymic research are considered.

DATA RECOVERY OF ANNUAL RIVER RUNOFF IN THE SYRDARYA RIVER BASIN

The data recovery of the annual runoff was carried out and correlation dependences were obtained, which were used to calculate the runoff rate for each of the selected rivers in the Syrdariya river basin. Differential integral curves were constructed from the runoff data using the variability index. When restoring the missing data on the annual runoff, the river-analogue method was applied. The actual series of observations are given for a longterm period. The base period was chosen from 1960 to 2015. Quantitative estimates of the effectiveness of bringing the average values to a multi-year period are also provided.

SOURCES OF GLOBAL SCALE SOIL MOISTURE MONITORING DATA BY SATELLITE BASED REMOTE SENSING OF EARTH’S SURFACE

A review of modern tools of global monitoring of soil moisture by means of remote sensing of the Earth’s surface is presented. The characteristic features of the use of orbital radiometers and radars of C, X and L microwave bands for estimating the volumetric soil moisture at a depth of 5 cm and the root layer of vegetation are considered. A review of the capabilities of satellite gravimetry to assess the land water equivalent thickness is made. A number of sources have been proposed for obtaining estimates of soil water content from satellite based radiometric devices and orbital gravimetric systems. Based on the analysis of scientific research papers, the complexity of monitoring the level of fire danger indices in forests is shown, and the prospects of assessing soil moisture in agricultural regions using microwave orbital instruments are demonstrated, and the adequacy of calculating the moisture content in soil at a depth of up to one meter using satellite gravimetry is described.

CHANGE IN SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE REGİME AND İTS POTENTIAL İMPACT ON THE CONDITIONS OF TAKE-OFF AND LANDING OF AIRCRAFT İN GANJA-GAZAKH REGİON

The article analyzes changes in surface air temperature regime in the Ganja-Gazakh region using the relevant temperature data for 1961...2014 on the example of Agstafa, Dashkasan, Shamkir, Gadabay, Ganja, and Goygol-resort meteorological stations. Assumptions are made about the influence of the found changes in the temperature regime on the conditions of take-off and landing of aircraft in the Ganja-Gazakh region.

THE STUDY OF SOIL COVER OF TALAS DISTRICT OF ZHAMBYL REGION

This work is devoted to the preservation and enhancement of soil fertility, since their condition is the main part of the general problem of rational use of land resources, increasing productivity and improving the soil ecology of agricultural landscapes. The modern assessment of soils is relevant for the development of the state and society, as it provides information on accounting for the geographical distribution, on the value of soils, on rational use, on the protection and planning of soil use. As a result of the work, thematic soil maps and attribute databases were formed. As a result of research based on GIS technology, a digital soil map of the Talas district of the Zhambyl region was developed using the ArcGIS software product.

River Lan discharge: current state and forecast

The results of the study of the water regime of the Lan River, a typical small river of the Belarusian Polesye, are presented. The Lan River is represented by three monitoring sites (Lognovichi, Loktyshi and Mokrovo) with drainage areas A = 480 km2, A = 909 km2 and A = 2550 km2, respectively, with different observation periods and the degree of anthropogenic impact. In addition to large-scale reclamation in the river basin, carried out in the middle of the last century, in 1977, a reservoir was built in the river bed for fish farming and agricultural use. Using the method of analogies, the series of observations of annual, maximum, minimum summer-autumn and winter water discharges are reduced to a single calculated period of 68 years from 1948 to 2015. Assessment of the influence of anthropogenic impacts and natural factors on the runoff, the initial time series, the averaging intervals were analyzed: from 1948 to 2015. (the entire observation period length is 68 years); from 1948 to 1977 (29 years period before the commissioning of the Loktyshi reservoir); from 1978 to 2015 (38 years of reservoir operation period); from 1978 to 1987 (10 years period of the reservoir functioning before the beginning of the modern climate warming,); from 1988 to 2015 (27 years period of the reservoir functioning under the current climate warming). Statistical heterogeneity was found as a result of intensive economic activity, which significantly disrupts the natural hydrological regime. It was revealed that for the average annual runoff there is a decrease along the Lognovichi site and an increase along the Loktyshi site; for the maximum runoff, a decrease is observed along all the stations under consideration; for the minimum summer-autumn discharge, an increase is observed along the Loktyshi site; for the minimum winter runoff, an increase is observed along all stations. Based on the hydrological and climatic hypothesis, predictive estimates of the average discharge values for the period of 2050 are given, which are expressed in a certain decrease in it and a shift in the peak of spring flood to earlier dates.