scholarly journals Covid-19: Warning over transmission risk as self-isolation is cut to five days in England

BMJ ◽  
2022 ◽  
pp. o111
Author(s):  
Susan Mayor
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Risk

First Record of Aedes aegypti (L.) Vector of Dengue Virus from Kathmandu, Nepal

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ishan Gautam ◽  
Megh Nath Dhimal ◽  
Shambhu Raj Shrestha ◽  
Anand Shova Tamrakar
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
First Record ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Survey Techniques ◽  
Breeding Habitats ◽  
Larval Survey ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
Primary Vector

Aedes aegypti is the primary vector for the transmission of Dengue Fever (DF)/Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF). Entomological investigations on breeding habitats and larval prevalence of mosquitoes Aedes aegypti (L.) and Ae. albopictus (Skuse) were conducted from April to June 2009 in Kathmandu district, Nepal. Different water-filled containers were examined for the presence or absence of Aedes larvae. Larval survey techniques were used to obtain the House Index (HI), Container Index (CI) and Breteau Index (BI). The over all HI, CI and BI for Aedes aegypti were 6.25, 4.83, 9.37 and for Aedes albopictus were 6.25, 3.22 and 6.25 respectively. It was also observed that discarded tires lying outdoors were the preferred breeding habitats. No breeding was observed in other containers in April and May during this three months survey. Herewith, we report the first collection and identification of Aedes aegypti in Kathmandu during June, 2009. Indeed, this finding constitutes the first record from the capital of Nepal within the urban agglomeration of Basundhara and Gongabu-Balaju area.Therefore, DF/DHF transmission risk may occur locally if imported cases are introduced.  Key Words: Aedes aegypti; Ae. albopictus;  Kathmandu; First record; Dengue Fever.Journal of Natural History MuseumVol 24, 2009.Page:

scholarly journals Transmission risk of viruses in large mucosalivary droplets on the surface of objects: A time-based analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luyao Guo ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Ning Mao ◽  
Congkang An ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Risk

Contaminated flexible endoscopes: Review of impact of channel sampling methods on culture results and recommendations for root-cause analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Michelle J. Alfa ◽  
Harminder Singh
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Root Cause Analysis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Remedial Action ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Cause Analysis ◽  
Infection Transmission ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Critical Aspects

Abstract Recently, infection transmission risk associated with contaminated, patient-ready flexible endoscopes has attracted attention. Outbreaks of multidrug-resistant organisms resulting in infection and/or colonization have been particularly concerning. Recent CDC and FDA recommendations focus on reducing “exogenous” infection transmission and specifically recommend that endoscopy sites have quality systems in place for endoscope reprocessing. Another key recommendation is the culture of patient-ready endoscopes to detect contamination with organisms of concern. Remaining gaps in the guidelines include ensuring that optimal endoscope-channel sample methods are used and ensuring effective root-cause analysis and remediation when contamination is detected. In this review, we summarize the critical aspects of endoscope sample collection and present a practical approach to root-cause analysis and remedial action plans.

Genital abnormalities, hormonal contraception, and HIV transmission risk in Rwandan serodifferent couples

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin M Wall ◽  
Etienne Karita ◽  
Julien Nyombayire ◽  
Rosine Ingabire ◽  
Jeannine Mukamuyango ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Hormonal Contraception ◽  
Male Partner ◽  
Female Partner ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Genital Ulceration ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Contraception Use ◽  
Hiv Acquisition

Abstract Background We explored the role of genital abnormalities and hormonal contraception in HIV transmission among heterosexual serodifferent couples in Rwanda. Methods From 2002-2011, non-antiretroviral treatment using HIV serodifferent couples were followed and sociodemographic and clinical data were collected, family planning provided, and HIV-negative partners retested. Couples were assessed for genital ulcers; non-ulcerative genital sexually transmitted infection (STI) including gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis; and non-STI vaginal infections including bacterial vaginosis and candida. Multivariable models evaluated associations between covariates and HIV transmission genetically linked to the index partner. Results Among 877 couples where the man was HIV-positive, 37 linked transmissions occurred. Factors associated with women’s HIV acquisition included female partner genital ulceration (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]=14.1) and male partner non-ulcerative STI (aHR=8.6). Among 955 couples where the woman was HIV-positive, 46 linked transmissions occurred. Factors associated with men’s HIV acquisition included female partner non-ulcerative STI (aHR=4.4), non-STI vaginal dysbiosis (aHR=7.1), and male partner genital ulceration (aHR=2.6). Hormonal contraception use was not associated with HIV transmission or acquisition. Conclusions Our findings underscore the need for integrating HIV services with care for genital abnormalities. Barriers (e.g., cost for training, demand creation, advocacy, client education; provider time; clinic space) to joint HIV/STI testing need to be considered and addressed.

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