scholarly journals Preventable deaths from SARS-CoV-2 in England and Wales: a systematic case series of coroners’ reports during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. bmjebm-2021-111834
Author(s):  
Bethan Swift ◽  
Carl Heneghan ◽  
Jeffrey Aronson ◽  
David Howard ◽  
Georgia C Richards
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Variation ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
North West ◽  
Link Type ◽  
The North ◽  
Web Scraping ◽  
The Government ◽  
Source Of Information

ObjectivesTo examine coroners’ Prevention of Future Deaths (PFDs) reports to identify deaths involving SARS-CoV-2 that coroners deemed preventable.DesignConsecutive case series.SettingEngland and Wales.ParticipantsPatients reported in 510 PFDs dated between 01 January 2020 and 28 June 2021, collected from the UK’s Courts and Tribunals Judiciary website using web scraping to create an openly available database: https://preventabledeathstrackernet/.Main outcome measuresConcerns reported by coroners.ResultsSARS-CoV-2 was involved in 23 deaths reported by coroners in PFDs. Twelve deaths were indirectly related to the COVID-19 pandemic, defined as those that were not medically caused by SARS-CoV-2, but were associated with mitigation measures. In 11 cases, the coroner explicitly reported that COVID-19 had directly caused death. There was geographical variation in the reporting of PFDs; most (39%) were written by coroners in the North West of England. The coroners raised 56 concerns, problems in communication being the most common (30%), followed by failure to follow protocols (23%). Organisations in the National Health Service were sent the most PFDs (51%), followed by the government (26%), but responses to PFDs by these organisations were poor.ConclusionsPFDs contain a rich source of information on preventable deaths that has previously been difficult to examine systematically. Our openly available tool (https://preventabledeathstracker.net/) streamlines this process and has identified many concerns raised by coroners that should be addressed during the government’s inquiry into the handling of the COVID-19 pandemic, so that mistakes made are less likely to be repeated.Study protocol preregistrationhttps://osf.io/bfypc/.

scholarly journals Preventable deaths from SARS-CoV-2 in England and Wales: a systematic analysis of coroners case reports from the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethan Swift ◽  
Carl Heneghan ◽  
Jeffrey K Aronson ◽  
David Howard ◽  
Georgia C Richards
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Geographical Variation ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Intermediate Step ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Government

As of June 2021, 12% of global deaths attributed to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have occurred in England and Wales. Examining Coroners Prevention of Future Deaths reports (PFDs) between March 2020 and 28 June 2021 in England and Wales, we found 23 cases (4.5% of PFDs) involving SARS-CoV-2, with 52% (n=12) of deaths indirectly- and 48% directly-related. There was geographical variation with most (39%) PFDs written by coroners in the North-West of England. Fifty-six concerns were raised by coroners with problems in communication being the most (30%) repeated concern, followed by a failure to follow protocols (23%). Organisations in the National Health Services (NHS) received the most PFDs (51%), followed by the government (26%). Policymakers should consider an intermediate step prior to PFDs to ensure lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic are rapidly identified. In the meantime, PFDs should be used to prevent future deaths.

scholarly journals The changing epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in North West England

2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (5) ◽  
pp. 785-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. SOPWITH ◽  
K. OSBORN ◽  
R. CHALMERS ◽  
M. REGAN
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Working Relationships ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Genotype 2

Between 1996 and 2000, rates of cryptosporidiosis in North West England were significantly higher than overall in England and Wales, particularly during the first half of each year. In addition, during the second quarter of each year in this period, up to 40% of all cases recorded in England and Wales were from the North West Region. In 2001, cryptosporidiosis dramatically decreased throughout the United Kingdom and the springtime excess of cases formerly seen in the North West was no longer apparent. This changed epidemiology was due to a decline in cases of Cryptosporidium parvum (formerly genotype 2), associated with zoonotic transmission. Although the initial loss of a spring peak of infection corresponded with the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease throughout the United Kingdom, its continued absence relates to major structural changes in the North West public water supply. This study highlights the far-reaching public health benefit of local working relationships in addressing re-occurring disease issues.

III.—The Pre-Cambrian Rocks of Wales

1893 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 396-401
Author(s):  
Henry Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Recent Article ◽  
British Isles ◽  
The West ◽  
British Geological Survey ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
North West ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lithological Character

In a recent article on the Pre-Cambrian Rocks of the British Isles in the Journal of Geology, vol. i., No. 1, Sir Archibald Geikie makes the following statement: “There cannot, I think, be now any doubt that small tracts of gneiss, quite comparable in lithological character to portions of the Lewisian rocks of the North-West of Scotland, rise to the surface in a few places in England and Wales. In the heart of Anglesey, for example, a tract of such rocks presents some striking external or scenic resemblance to the characteristic types of ground where the oldest gneiss forms the surface in Scotland and the West of Ireland.” To those who have followed the controversy which has been going on for nearly thirty years between the chiefs of the British Geological Survey and some geologists who have been working amongst the rocks in Wales, the importance of the above admission will be readily apparent; but as it is possible that some may be unable to realize what such an admission means in showing geological progress in unravelling the history of the older rocks in Wales during the past thirty years, a brief summary of the results obtained may possibly be considered useful.

Archaeology in Afghanistan

Antiquity ◽  
1947 ◽  
Vol 21 (82) ◽  
pp. 57-65
Author(s):  
R. E. M. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Director General ◽  
North West ◽  
Asiatic Society ◽  
The North ◽  
North West Frontier Province ◽  
The Government ◽  
Indian Mission ◽  
Royal Asiatic Society

The Government of Afghanistan recently sent two missions to India, where they were warmly welcomed and made many friends. In September 1946, the Government of India sent in return a small mission to Afghanistan to establish contact between the respective archaeological and historical activities of the two countries, with a view if possible to securing closer cultural collaboration. The Indian mission consisted of the Director General of Archaeology in India and his wife ; the Honourable Mr Justice N. G. A. Edgely, President of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal—the oldest learned society in Asia; and Mr M. A. Shakur, Curator of the Pesh#x0101;war Museum, sent by the Government of the North-West Frontier Province as the immediate neighbour of Afghanistan. The mission travelled in two ex-U.S.A. Army vehicles, a six-wheeled personnel-carrier and a jeep, with two Indian drivers and two Indian attendants.

PETROLEUM EXPLORATION PREVIEW FOR 1967

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
M. A. Condon
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Oil Markets ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Timor Sea ◽  
The Government ◽  
Average Size ◽  
The Cost

Exploration for petroleum in Australia paused in 1966 and this pause is likely to continue in 1967.The number of wells drilled and seismic activity will both be slightly less in 1967 than in 1966, but the work will generally be directed to more specific targets. The cost of exploration will be somewhat higher than in 1966.During the year off-shore drilling should increase and it is expected that five mobile rigs will be drilling in the offshore areas by the end of the year. The immediate structural targets available for these rigs are in the Gippsland, Bass and Otway Basins (Victoria-Tasmania), the North-West Shelf and Timor Sea-Bonaparte Gulf, and in the Gulf of Papua.Onshore exploration will be concentrated in the western Australian basins, the Surat Basin, the central Great Artesian Basin, and the Gidgealpa region of the southwestern Great Artesian Basin.The success or otherwise of the off-shore drilling will determine the rate of exploration over the next few years. If important discoveries are made off-shore, these may and probably would result in more intensive exploration of the same stratigraphic intervals onshore.The exploration patterns of Australia and several other countries before and after first commercial discovery are compared. This indicates that Australian discovery came early, as compared with other countries, where production has developed since the war, but that post-discovery effort in Australia has been very much less. The main obvious differences appear to be that in Australia the average size of the exploration concession is very much larger and the number of operators (having regard to the areas concerned) is much smaller, than in the other successful countries.There has been a gradual movement towards reducing the size of operating areas in Australia either by obligatory relinquihment or by farmout, but if discoveries are to be made at a satisfactory rate more operators are needed in every basin.The economic environment of Australia vis-a-vis Middle East oil and oil markets is probably the main basic reason for the peculiar exploratory pattern, which has impelled the Government to provide financial incentives to encourage exploration and development.

Africa — Middle East — Latin America — Asia

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (192) ◽  
pp. 134-145
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Middle East ◽  
International Assistance ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Government

On 20 December 1976, there were a number of serious clashes in Majunga, in the north-west of Madagascar, between Malagasy citizens and immigrants from the Comores who had been resident in Madagascar for many years. As a result of these incidents, the Government of the Comores decided, with the agreement of the Malagasy authorities, to repatriate the Comorian community in Majunga, numbering some 16,000 persons, who, in the interim, had been concentrated in camps provided by the army. The Government of the Comores called for international assistance, including that of the ICRC, to enable it to carry out this task.

AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE DRIVERS OF SECONDARY SCHOOL FUNDING DISPARITIES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON SCHOOL PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM SELECTED PUBLIC SECONDARY GENERAL EDUCATION SCHOOLS IN THE NORTH WEST REGION OF CAMEROON

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Millah Christopher ◽  
Sundjo Fabien
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
School Performance ◽  
School Funding ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
North West ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The North ◽  
West Region ◽  
The Government ◽  
Funding Disparities

Purpose: School funding has been and remains a source of worry to governments of many countries in the world. The government of Cameroon in an attempt to attend to this worry spends huge financial resources each year as funding to the school system. This study attempted to investigate into the appropriateness of government funding to public secondary general education schools in Cameroon, using the North West Region as a case study. Specifically, the study aimed at: (a) investigating the causes of funding disparities between schools, (b) scrutinizing the effects of funding on school performance, and (c) elucidating the grass root perspectives on appropriate measures to enhance funding to schools.Methodology: The study made use of the stratified random sampling technique to select a total of 115 schools, and data was collected using questionnaires. To ascertain the reliability of the instrument used, a pilot test was carried out. The data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The probit and ordered logistic regression models were employed to test the hypotheses of the study.Findings: The findings from the study reveal among others that: (a) school enrolment, school needs, influence by some stakeholders and age of school all have significant effects on funding, (b) that funding in the form of infrastructure, running credits and staffing all affect school performance, and (c) that schools should be funded based on their actual needs.Contribution to policy, practice and policy: These results policy-wise suggest that funding to schools should take into consideration the enrolment, needs, and age of the school. Also, that adequate infrastructure, running credits and staff should be provided to schools since these affect academic performance.

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