Transient brain ischaemia (20 January 1978, p. 6): clarification and correction

1978 ◽  
Vol 16 (23) ◽  
pp. 92-92
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Endarterectomy ◽  
Carotid Stenosis ◽  
Brain Ischaemia

Our statement that in patients with transient brain ischaemia carotid endarterectomy reduces the risk of a subsequent stroke from 28% to 3% (based on the report by Wylie & Ehrenfeld, 1970) should have been qualified. We should have referred also to the study by W. S. Fields et al. (J. Amer. med. Ass. 1970, 211, 1993), in which 4% of the surgically treated patients with unilateral carotid stenosis and 12% of the controls had a stroke during the follow-up period of, on average, 3½ years. These results are based on a small total number of strokes and remain inconclusive. The paper by Whisnant was cited in error. The conclusion of our article is not affected.

Carotid Endarterectomy for Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hardik A. Amin
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Surgery ◽  
Carotid Endarterectomy ◽  
Carotid Stenosis ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Nonsurgical Treatment ◽  
Symptomatic Carotid ◽  
Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis ◽  
Study Intervention

This chapter provides a summary of the landmark surgical study known as the NASCET trial, which compared surgical versus nonsurgical treatment for patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis. The chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case regarding vascular surgery.

Revisiting carotid endarterectomy: Neobulb technique using external carotid artery as a patch

Vascular ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 170853812110523
Author(s):  
Adalberto P Araujo ◽  
Cristiane F Araujo‐Gomes ◽  
Douglas Poschinger-Figueiredo ◽  
Carlos Felipe S Delgado ◽  
Monica R Mayall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Endarterectomy ◽  
Carotid Stenosis ◽  
Carotid Bifurcation ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Distal Flow

Objectives This study describes an alternative carotid bifurcation endarterectomy technique in which the external carotid artery is used as a suture patch. Methods Charts of ten patients with atherosclerotic carotid stenosis that were treated using the neobulb technique between 2002 and 2019 were reviewed. Results No major surgical adverse event was observed in the postoperative assessments. No postoperative common or internal carotid stenosis was observed in the mid- or long-term follow-up. Conclusions The neobulb technique allows carotid endarterectomy closure without a synthetic or venous patch, using the external carotid artery as an autologous patch, while preserving distal flow into the external carotid artery branches.

scholarly journals Ten-year risk of stroke in patients with previous cerebral infarction and the impact of carotid surgery in the Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1020-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Y Streifler ◽  
Anne G den Hartog ◽  
Samuel Pan ◽  
Hongchao Pan ◽  
Richard Bulbulia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Infarction ◽  
Carotid Endarterectomy ◽  
Carotid Stenosis ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Carotid Surgery ◽  
Asymptomatic Carotid ◽  
Risk Increase ◽  
Surgery Trial ◽  
The Impact

Background Silent brain infarcts are common in patients at increased risk of stroke and are associated with a poor prognosis. In patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis, similar adverse associations were claimed, but the impact of previous infarction or symptoms on the beneficial effects of carotid endarterectomy is not clear. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of prior cerebral infarction in patients enrolled in the Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial, a large trial with 10-year follow-up in which participants whose carotid stenosis had not caused symptoms for at least six months were randomly allocated either immediate or deferred carotid endarterectomy. Methods The first Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial included 3120 patients. Of these, 2333 patients with baseline brain imaging were identified and divided into two groups irrespective of treatment assignment, 1331 with evidence of previous cerebral infarction, defined as a history of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack > 6 months prior to randomization or radiological evidence of an asymptomatic infarct (group 1) and 1002 with normal imaging and no prior stroke or transient ischemic attack (group 2). Stroke and vascular deaths were compared during follow-up, and the impact of carotid endarterectomy was observed in both groups. Results Baseline characteristics of patients with and without baseline brain imaging were broadly similar. Of those included in the present report, male gender and hypertension were more common in group 1, while mean ipsilateral stenosis was slightly greater in group 2. At 10 years follow-up, stroke was more common among participants with cerebral infarction before randomization (absolute risk increase 5.8% (1.8–9.8), p = 0.004), and the risk of stroke and vascular death was also higher in this group (absolute risk increase 6.9% (1.9–12.0), p = 0.007). On multivariate analysis, prior cerebral infarction was associated with a greater risk of stroke (hazard ratio = 1.51, 95% confidence interval: 1.17–1.95, p = 0.002) and of stroke or other vascular death (hazard ratio = 1.30, 95% confidence interval: 1.11–1.52, p = 0.001). At 10 years, greater absolute benefits from immediate carotid endarterectomy were seen in those patients with prior cerebral infarction (6.7% strokes immediate carotid endarterectomy vs. 14.7% delayed carotid endarterectomy; hazard ratio 0.47 (0.34–0.65), p = 0.003), compared to those lower risk patients without prior cerebral infarction (6.0% vs. 9.9%, respectively; hazard ratio 0.61 (0.39–0.94), p = 0.005), though it must be emphasized that the first Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial was not designed to test this retrospective and non-randomized comparison. Conclusions Asymptomatic carotid stenosis patients with prior cerebral infarction have a higher stroke risk during long-term follow-up than those without prior cerebral infarction. Evidence of prior ischemic events might help identify patients in whom carotid intervention is particularly beneficial.

Carotid Endarterectomy for Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Hochman
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Surgery ◽  
Carotid Endarterectomy ◽  
Carotid Stenosis ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis ◽  
Asymptomatic Carotid ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Study Intervention

This chapter provides a summary of the landmark surgical study known as the ACST trial, which compared surgical versus nonsurgical treatment for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Is carotid endarterectomy (CEA) beneficial in asymptomatic patients with severe carotid stenosis? Starting with that question, the chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case involving vascular surgery.

scholarly journals Symptomatic Low-Grade Carotid Stenosis With Intraplaque Hemorrhage and Expansive Arterial Remodeling Is Associated With a High Relapse Rate Refractory to Medical Treatment

Neurosurgery ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 1143-1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazumichi Yoshida ◽  
Nobutake Sadamasa ◽  
Osamu Narumi ◽  
Masaki Chin ◽  
Sen Yamagata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Carotid Endarterectomy ◽  
Carotid Stenosis ◽  
Vulnerable Plaque ◽  
Plaque Burden ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Arterial Remodeling ◽  
Symptomatic Carotid ◽  
Ischemic Events

Abstract BACKGROUND: Carotid plaque characteristics influence future risk of stroke considerably. However, the severity of stenosis does not accurately reflect plaque burden in patients with expansive arterial remodeling. OBJECTIVE: To determine the therapeutic outcome of symptomatic carotid low-grade stenosis with vulnerable plaque based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characterization. METHODS: We studied 25 (male, n = 23; age, 74.2 ± 5.6 years) of 29 consecutive patients with symptomatic carotid low-grade stenosis (<50%) and both high-signal plaque and expansive remodeling on T1-weighted MRIs. The remaining 4 were excluded because of impending stroke. A single antithrombotic and statin were administered, and recurrent ischemic stroke was treated with dual antithrombotics. We considered carotid endarterectomy when recurrence was refractory to aggressive medical treatment. RESULTS: During a 31.3 ± 16.4-month follow-up, 11 of the 25 patients developed a total of 30 recurrent ischemic events (46.0% per patient-year). The patients' characteristics did not differ significantly between the groups with and without recurrence (n = 11 and n = 14, respectively). Seven of 11 patients in the recurrence group treated with carotid endarterectomy remained free of ischemic events during a postoperative follow-up of 19.1 ± 14.6 months. CONCLUSION: Symptomatic low-grade carotid stenosis with vulnerable plaque confirmed by MRI was associated with a high rate of stroke recurrence that was refractory to aggressive medical treatment. However, carotid endarterectomy was safe and effective for such patients. Plaque characterization by MRI has the potential for more accurate stroke risk stratification in the management of carotid low-grade stenosis.

scholarly journals Carotid Stenting in Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis: The Calgary Experience

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 568-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Shobha ◽  
M. A. Almekhlafi ◽  
A. Pandya ◽  
P. L. Couillard ◽  
W. F. Morrish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Endarterectomy ◽  
Carotid Stenosis ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Carotid Stenting ◽  
Minor Stroke ◽  
Safe Procedure ◽  
Asymptomatic Group ◽  
Symptomatic Group ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients

Background:Although carotid endarterectomy is considered the ‘gold standard’ for standard risk symptomatic patients, the treatment of choice for asymptomatic patients remains controversial. Carotid stenting has demonstrated real-world outcomes consistent with established guidelines for carotid endarterectomy in asymptomatic high-surgical risk patients in recent prospective multicenter trials. We describe our experience with asymptomatic patients who underwent carotid stenting at our center in a routine clinical setting.Methods:This is a retrospective, longitudinal cohort study of patients who underwent carotid angioplasty and stenting at the Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Canada between 1997 and 2007. The qualifying events were categorized as symptomatic and asymptomatic. The procedures were performed by four experienced neurointerventionists. The primary outcome was stroke or death at 30-day follow- up.Results:243 patients underwent 255 carotid stenting procedures. Their ages ranged from 50 to 83 years; the mean age was 72.0 ± 9.3 years; 67(26.3%) were women. Forty one patients (16.1%) were asymptomatic; 214 patients (83.9%) were symptomatic. The patients in the asymptomatic group were significantly younger - 66.0 ± 8.8 years compared to patients in the symptomatic group 73.2 ± 8.9 years (p<0.0001). Intraprocedurally one minor stroke (2.4%) occurred in the asymptomatic group. At 30-day follow-up, no deaths or further strokes were noted in the asymptomatic group; while eight deaths, six major and seven minor strokes occurred in the symptomatic group (p=0.22).Conclusion:Carotid stenting appears to be a safe procedure in asymptomatic patients with severe carotid stenosis in routine clinical settings as witnessed in this single center study.

scholarly journals Absence of Consistent Sex Differences in Outcomes From Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy and Stenting Randomized Trials

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 416-423
Author(s):  
Virginia J. Howard ◽  
Ale Algra ◽  
George Howard ◽  
Leo H. Bonati ◽  
Gert J. de Borst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Carotid Endarterectomy ◽  
Carotid Stenosis ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Unique Identifier ◽  
Interaction Term

Background and Purpose: CREST (Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial) reported a higher periprocedural risk for any stroke, death, or myocardial infarction for women randomized to carotid artery stenting (CAS) compared with women randomized to carotid endarterectomy (CEA). No difference in risk by treatment was detected for women relative to men in the 4-year primary outcome. We aimed to conduct a pooled analysis among symptomatic patients in large randomized trials to provide more precise estimates of sex differences in the CAS-to-CEA risk for any stroke or death during the 120-day periprocedural period and ipsilateral stroke thereafter. Methods: Data from the Carotid Stenosis Trialists’ Collaboration included outcomes from symptomatic patients in EVA-3S (Endarterectomy Versus Angioplasty in Patients With Symptomatic Severe Carotid Stenosis), SPACE (Stent-Protected Angioplasty Versus Carotid Endarterectomy in Symptomatic Patients), ICSS (International Carotid Stenting Study), and CREST. The primary outcome was any stroke or death within 120 days after randomization and ipsilateral stroke thereafter. Event rates and relative risks were estimated using Poisson regression; effect modification by sex was assessed with a sex-by-treatment-by-trial interaction term, with significant interaction defined a priori as P ≤0.10. Results: Over a median 2.7 years of follow-up, 433 outcomes occurred in 3317 men and 1437 women. The CAS-to-CEA relative risk of the primary outcome was significantly lower for women compared with men in 1 trial, nominally lower in another, and nominally higher in the other two. The sex-by-treatment-by-trial interaction term was significant ( P =0.065), indicating heterogeneity among trials. Contributors to this heterogeneity are primarily differences in periprocedural period. When the trials are nevertheless pooled, there were no significant sex differences in risk in any follow-up period. Conclusions: There were significant differences between trials in the magnitude of sex differences in treatment effect (CAS-to-CEA relative risk), indicating pooling data from these trials to estimate sex differences might not be valid. Whether sex is acting as an effect modifier of the CAS-to-CEA treatment effect in symptomatic patients remains uncertain. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT00190398 (EVA-3S) and NCT00004732 (CREST). URL: https://www.isrctn.com ; Unique identifier: ISRCTN57874028 (SPACE) and ISRCTN25337470 (ICSS).

Valutazione peri-operatoria e post-operatoria del trattamento endovascolare nella patologia steno-ostruttiva carotidea

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
F. Causin ◽  
L. Castellan ◽  
G. Iannucci ◽  
A. Puzzuoli ◽  
S. Perini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endovascular Treatment ◽  
Carotid Endarterectomy ◽  
Carotid Stenosis ◽  
Atherosclerotic Lesion ◽  
Carotid Bifurcation ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Stent Restenosis ◽  
Angioplasty And Stenting ◽  
Takayasu Disease

We evaluated peri-operative and 30 days post-operative efficacy of endovascular treatment of carotid stenosis performed with percutaneous angioplasty and stenting. From June 1996 to October 2002 we performed 156 endovascular treatments of carotid artery stenosis in 150 symptomatic patients with ages ranging from 40 to 87. We treated with angioplasty and stent 110 patients with primitive carotid plaque (70.5%) and 44 patients with non-atherosclerotic lesion: 34 were post-surgical restenosis (21.7%) of the carotid bifurcation after carotid endarterectomy, 6 post-actinic stenosis, 2 carotid stenosis in Takayasu disease and 2 post-stent restenosis. Twelve patients were treated before cardio-surgical intervention and 8 were stroke patients performed in acute phase. Angioplasty alone was done in 11 cases (7.1%) while stent placement was performed in 145 cases (92.9%). In 71 patients (50%) the endovascular treatment was performed during distal cerebral protection. We achieved the dilatation of the stenotic tract in all the patients with residual stenosis less than 30% in 98% of cases. Two permanent neurological deficits (1.28%) and 4 transient neurological deficit (3.2%) were observed. One patient died 20 days after the procedure because of cardio-surgical complications. Fifteen patients (9.6%) complained a transient orthostatic hypotension. No new clinical complication was observed during 30 days follow-up. Our results with the endovascular treatment of the carotid stenosis appear not significantly different from recent literature data and main surgical publications and trails about the carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients. Our complication rate is similar to surgery, probably because of our patient selection and to the evolution of the materials for endovascular therapy. Our results underline the efficacy and safety of the endovascular technique with possible extension of its indications to primitive stenosis in selected cases and in the treatment of acute stroke.

Abstract 155: Comparative Effectiveness of Carotid Endarterectomy Compared to Medical Therapy Among Patients With Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Salomeh Keyhani ◽  
Eric Cheng ◽  
Katherine Hoggatt ◽  
Peter Austin ◽  
Paul Hebert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Endarterectomy ◽  
Carotid Stenosis ◽  
Medical Therapy ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis ◽  
Asymptomatic Carotid ◽  
Immortal Time Bias ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Stroke Death

Background: Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) reduces stroke risk compared to medical therapy alone among patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis. CEA involves a tradeoff between higher perioperative short-term risks in exchange for a lower long-term risk of stroke. However, overall declines in stroke rates raise concerns that CEA may no longer be a preferred treatment. We examined the effectiveness of CEA compared to medical therapy (MT) among asymptomatic patients in preventing stroke and stroke-death within 5 years of follow-up. Methods: We identified Veterans ≥65 years old with carotid stenosis (n=2712 CEA and n=2509 MT patients) who did not have a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack. We propensity score-matched MT patients to CEA patients to control for baseline confounding and used methods to mimic analyses from the Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis Trial, the last published trial to compare CEA to MT. We accounted for “immortal time” bias by randomizing patients to CEA and MT groups and censoring patients if their actual treatment became inconsistent with the arm in which they were randomized (e.g., patient received CEA, but was randomized to MT). We accounted for the informative censoring by estimating time-dependent inverse probability of censoring weights using measured covariates (demographics and 72 time-varying comorbidities). We computed weighted Kaplan-Meier (KM) curves and estimated the risk of stroke/stroke-death in each group over 5 years of follow-up. Results: The observed stroke or death rate (perioperative complications) within 30 days in the CEA arm was 3%. The 5-year risk were similar among patients randomized to CEA 5.5% (95% CI, 4.3%-6.7%) versus MT 7.6% (95% CI,5.9%-9.2%) (risk difference, -2.1%, 95% CI -4%- 0%) with little difference in the KM curves (logrank p=0.2). Conclusion: CEA was not superior to MT in a community sample of Veterans after 5 years of follow-up, suggesting that CEA may no longer be the preferred treatment strategy.

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