ARE SUBTHALAMICUS NUCLEUS, INTERNAL GLOBUS PALLIDUS AND THALAMUS INVOLVED IN THINKING?

2015 ◽  
Vol 86 (11) ◽  
pp. e4.77-e4
Author(s):  
Eduard Minks ◽  
Pavel Jurák ◽  
Jan Chládek ◽  
Zuzana Hummelová ◽  
Josef Halámek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Cognitive Response ◽  
Internal Globus Pallidus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Generalized Dystonia ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Local Potentials ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Deep Brain

IntroductionThe aim was to compare evoked potentials (EP) from the P300 paradigm against mismatch negativity (MMN) paradigm, both recorded in the subthalamic nucleus (STN), internal globus pallidus (GPi) and thalamus (Th) and thus electrophysiologically isolate conscious cognition component in these structures.MethodsWe included 8 patients in Deep brain stimulation program and recorded EP (patients with Parkinson's disease, Generalized dystonia, Essential tremor, Epilepsy). The two four-contacts intracerebral electrodes were implanted into the left and right STN, GPi or Th bilaterally. We computed local potentials on the left and right electrode and we studied the latency of cognitive response (from 200 to 400 ms).ResultsIn the comparison of infrequent stimuli related P300 and MMN a significant difference was found in 14 from 16 electrodes. Comparing frequent answers we found significant difference in 13 from 16 electrodes.ConclusionThe difference between evoked potentials of MMN and P300 protocols in 200–400 ms latency suggests that STN, GPi and Th are involved in conscious cognitive processes at the time of stimuli application.

Activity of neurons in cerebellar-receiving and pallidal-receiving areas of the thalamus of the behaving monkey

1991 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 879-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Anderson ◽  
R. S. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Cerebellar Nuclei ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Thalamic Neurons ◽  
Internal Globus Pallidus ◽  
Reaching Task ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lateral Nucleus ◽  
Initial Change

1. Thalamic neurons that receive synaptic input from the globus pallidus or the cerebellar nuclei were identified in awake monkeys trained to perform an arm-reaching task. The location of electrophysiologically identified cerebellar-receiving (CR) and pallidal-receiving (PR) neurons was used to identify a total of 264 thalamic neurons in cerebellar (CB) or pallidal (GP) regions of the thalamus. 2. Stimulation in the brachium conjunctivum or white matter adjacent to the cerebellar nuclei excited 85 neurons in the thalamus at short latencies. These CR neurons were located in the oral portion of the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPLo), in caudal portions of the ventral lateral nucleus (VLc), and in area X. 3. Stimulation in the internal globus pallidus (GPi) inhibited 10 thalamic neurons at short latency. These PR neurons were located in rostral portions of VLc, in the oral part of the ventral lateral nucleus (VLo), and in the parvicellular part of the ventral anterior nucleus (VApc). 4. There was no clear single somatotopic organization of neurons in CB and GP regions of the thalamus, as defined by "free-form" responses to passive manipulation and observation of eye movements. There was, in fact, a tendency for two representations, each, of the head/eye/mouth cells and cells with modifications of activity in response to manipulation of the arm. 5. During the hold period before illumination of a visual target, the mean firing rates and variability of discharge of arm-related CR and PR neurons did not differ significantly. This was also true for the total sample of arm-related neurons in the CB versus GP regions. 6. The activity of many neurons in both the CB and GP regions began to change before the reaching movement and, for some, before the earliest recorded changes in electromyographic (EMG) activity. The initial change was an increase in discharge for greater than 75% of the cells studied in both the CB and GP regions. 7. During the reaching task, there also was no significant difference in the time of the initial change in discharge of neurons in the CB versus GP regions of the thalamus. 8. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the initial task-related change in discharge of PR thalamic neurons is dominated by input from the cerebral cortex and that pallidal input modulates later phases of their movement-related changes in activity.

Long-term follow-up of Huntington disease treated by bilateral deep brain stimulation of the internal globus pallidus

2008 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitte Biolsi ◽  
Laura Cif ◽  
Hassan El Fertit ◽  
Santiago Gil Robles ◽  
Philippe Coubes
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Huntington Disease ◽  
Internal Globus Pallidus ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Deep Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Deep brain stimulation is now accepted as a safe and efficient treatment for movement disorders including selected types of dystonia and dyskinesia. Very little, however, is known about its effect on other movement disorders, particularly for “choreic” movements. Huntington disease is a fatal autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by movement disorders, progressive cognitive impairment, and psychiatric symptoms. Bilateral chronic stimulation of the internal globus pallidus was performed to control choreic movements in a 60-year-old man with a 10-year history of Huntington disease. Chronic deep brain stimulation resulted in remarkable improvement of choreic movements. Postoperative improvement was sustained after 4 years of follow-up with a marked improvement in daily quality of life.

Freezing of Gait After Bilateral Globus Pallidus Interna Deep Brain Stimulation in Generalized Dystonia

2020 ◽  
pp. 105-108
Author(s):  
Mariana Moscovich
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Freezing Of Gait ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Old Left ◽  
Generalized Dystonia ◽  
Walking Difficulty ◽  
Deep Brain

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) is a safe and long-term effective treatment for medication-refractory dystonia. However, complications and side effects may occur. Freezing of gait (FOG) is a rare phenomenon in patients with dystonia, although very frequently this complication is observed in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). FOG can be disabling and may severely impair quality of life, even when episodic. This chapter reports on a case of a 49-year-old left-handed man presenting with FOG, impairment in balance, and walking difficulty. These issues emerged 3 years after successful bilateral GPi DBS for primary generalized dystonia.

Serial 1H-MRS of thalamus during deep brain stimulation of bilateral globus pallidus internus for primary generalized dystonia

2008 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 1055-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail F. Chernov ◽  
Taku Ochiai ◽  
Takaomi Taira ◽  
Yuko Ono ◽  
Ryoichi Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Globus Pallidus Internus ◽  
1H Mrs ◽  
Generalized Dystonia ◽  
Deep Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Staged implantation of multiple electrodes in the internal globus pallidus in the treatment of primary generalized dystonia

2012 ◽  
Vol 116 (5) ◽  
pp. 1144-1152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Cif ◽  
Victoria Gonzalez-Martinez ◽  
Xavier Vasques ◽  
Astrid Corlobé ◽  
Ana Maria Moura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Target Selection ◽  
Safe Procedure ◽  
Internal Globus Pallidus ◽  
Residual Symptoms ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Multiple Electrodes ◽  
Generalized Dystonia

Object Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is used for treating various types of dystonia. Multiple electrodes could be proposed to improve the therapeutic outcome enabling the targeting of specific neuronal populations not reached by the electrical field generated by the initially implanted electrode. The authors address the question of the feasibility and safety of staged multiple lead implantations in the sensorimotor internal globus pallidus (GPi) in primary generalized dystonia (PGD). Criteria for patient selection, surgical technique, target selection, electrical settings management, and clinical outcome are presented. Methods Sixteen patients (8 harbored the DYT1 gene mutation) presented with PGD and were enrolled in this study. Patients underwent clinical assessment using the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale preoperatively and during follow-up with DBS. Prior to the addition of electrodes, the authors confirmed, by turning off stimulation, that the patient was still benefiting from DBS and that DBS settings adjustment did not provide further improvement. The second target was defined according to the position of the first electrode, to the residual volume within the sensorimotor GPi, and according to residual symptoms. The second surgery followed the same protocol as the first and the new electrode were inserted using the same bur hole as the first electrode. Results The addition of a new pair of electrodes was followed by significant improvement in the whole population (p = 0.005), as well as in the DYT1-negative subgroup (p = 0.012) but not in the DYT1 subgroup (p = not significant). Nevertheless, some patients did not exhibit significant additional benefit. Seven hardware-related complications occurred during the entire follow-up, 3 prior to it, and 4 after the addition of the second pair of electrodes. Conclusions The addition of a second pair of electrodes in the GPi in patients with PGD with suboptimal or decaying benefit following the first surgery seems to be a safe procedure and is not followed by an increase in surgery-related complications. This staged procedure may provide further clinical improvement in patients with PGD in whom DBS effect is initially incomplete or when disease progression occurs over time. The position of the additional electrode within the GPi is determined by the available volume within the posteroventral GPi and by the distribution of the dystonic symptoms that need to be controlled.

scholarly journals Ultrasonographic features of the normal thyroid gland in adult horses

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 923-931
Author(s):  
Gustavo F. Viana ◽  
Luciana Carandina ◽  
Alessandre Hataka ◽  
Monica Midon ◽  
Camila A. Sarkis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Proximal Region ◽  
Volume Increase ◽  
Normal Thyroid ◽  
Quantitative Parameters ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Spectral Doppler ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Excellent Reproducibility

ABSTRACT: Few reports have been published regarding the use of ultrasonography as a method of evaluating the normal thyroid gland in horses. For these reasons, this study aimed at determining reliably of the thyroid measurements from the comparison between the left and right thyroid lobes, as well as assessing the contour, format, echotexture and echogenicity of the healthy thyroid by mode-B ultrasonography. Additionally, the equine thyroid vascularization was quali-quantitatively characterized the by Doppler. The sample size initially was determined by the animal selection with advanced age and without volume increase in the neck proximal region. Finally, eleven horses were selected by laboratory test, search of thyroid neoformations by ultrasonography and cytology thyroid. Next, these animals were submitted to thyroid lobes ultrasonographic evaluation. Excellent reproducibility was observed for all measurements obtained. Among the comparisons made between the quantitative parameters of the left and right lobes, it was observed that there was only difference between their respective lengths. Qualitatively, there was a significant variation between the lobes elliptical format in the longitudinal plane of some glands, which oscillated between a rounded and flattened conformation. Thus, we can conclude that the difference between the lobes format of some thyroids can be explained by the significant difference observed between the length of the left and right lobes. Additionally, it was verified that there was no difference between the Doppler quantitative parameters. Therefore, we may suggest that unilateral analysis of the cranial thyroid artery by spectral Doppler can be used to evaluate equine thyroid diffuse disorders.

scholarly journals The Medial Subthalamic Nucleus Border as a New Anatomical Reference in Stereotactic Neurosurgery for Parkinson’s Disease

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Erik Bolier ◽  
Maarten Bot ◽  
Pepijn van den Munckhof ◽  
Gian Pal ◽  
Sepehr Sani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Subthalamic Nucleus ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Stn Dbs ◽  
Deep Brain

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The intersection of Bejjani’s line with the well-delineated medial subthalamic nucleus (STN) border on MRI has recently been proposed as an individualized reference in subthalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery for Parkinson’s disease (PD). We, therefore, aimed to investigate the applicability across centers of the medial STN border as a patient-specific reference point in STN DBS for PD and explore anatomical variability between left and right mesencephalic area within patients. Furthermore, we aim to evaluate a recently defined theoretic stimulation “hotspot” in a different center. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Preoperative 3-Tesla T2 and susceptibility-weighted images (SWI) were used to identify the intersection of Bejjani’s line with the medial STN border in left and right mesencephalic area. The average stereotactic coordinates of the center of stimulation relative to the medial STN border were compared with the predefined theoretic stimulation “hotspot.” <b><i>Results:</i></b> Fifty-four patients provided 108 stereotactic coordinates of medial STN borders on both sequences. Significant difference in means was found in the Y-(anteroposterior) and Z-(dorsoventral) directions (T2 vs. SWI; <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). Mean coordinates in the Y-(anteroposterior) direction differed significantly between left and right mesencephalic area (T2: <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001; SWI: <i>p</i> = 0.021). Sixty-six DBS leads were placed in 36 patients that had finished stimulation programming, and the average stereotactic coordinates of the center of stimulation relative to the medial STN border on T2 sequences were 3.1 mm lateral, 0.7 mm anterior, and 1.8 mm superior, in proximity of the predefined theoretic stimulation “hotspot.” <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The medial STN border is applicable across centers as a reference point for STN DBS surgery for PD and seems suitable in order to account for interindividual and intraindividual anatomical variability if one is aware of the discrepancies between T2-weighted imaging and SWI.

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