Activity of neurons in cerebellar-receiving and pallidal-receiving areas of the thalamus of the behaving monkey

1. Thalamic neurons that receive synaptic input from the globus pallidus or the cerebellar nuclei were identified in awake monkeys trained to perform an arm-reaching task. The location of electrophysiologically identified cerebellar-receiving (CR) and pallidal-receiving (PR) neurons was used to identify a total of 264 thalamic neurons in cerebellar (CB) or pallidal (GP) regions of the thalamus. 2. Stimulation in the brachium conjunctivum or white matter adjacent to the cerebellar nuclei excited 85 neurons in the thalamus at short latencies. These CR neurons were located in the oral portion of the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPLo), in caudal portions of the ventral lateral nucleus (VLc), and in area X. 3. Stimulation in the internal globus pallidus (GPi) inhibited 10 thalamic neurons at short latency. These PR neurons were located in rostral portions of VLc, in the oral part of the ventral lateral nucleus (VLo), and in the parvicellular part of the ventral anterior nucleus (VApc). 4. There was no clear single somatotopic organization of neurons in CB and GP regions of the thalamus, as defined by "free-form" responses to passive manipulation and observation of eye movements. There was, in fact, a tendency for two representations, each, of the head/eye/mouth cells and cells with modifications of activity in response to manipulation of the arm. 5. During the hold period before illumination of a visual target, the mean firing rates and variability of discharge of arm-related CR and PR neurons did not differ significantly. This was also true for the total sample of arm-related neurons in the CB versus GP regions. 6. The activity of many neurons in both the CB and GP regions began to change before the reaching movement and, for some, before the earliest recorded changes in electromyographic (EMG) activity. The initial change was an increase in discharge for greater than 75% of the cells studied in both the CB and GP regions. 7. During the reaching task, there also was no significant difference in the time of the initial change in discharge of neurons in the CB versus GP regions of the thalamus. 8. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the initial task-related change in discharge of PR thalamic neurons is dominated by input from the cerebral cortex and that pallidal input modulates later phases of their movement-related changes in activity.

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EMG activity and neuronal activity in the internal globus pallidus (GPi) and their interaction are different between hemiballismus and apomorphine induced dyskinesias of Parkinson’s disease (AID)

Brain Research ◽

10.1016/j.brainres.2015.01.044 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1603 ◽

pp. 50-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

L. Zhao ◽

L. Verhagen-Metman ◽

J.H. Kim ◽

C.C. Liu ◽

F.A. Lenz

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Globus Pallidus ◽

Neuronal Activity ◽

Emg Activity ◽

Internal Globus Pallidus

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ARE SUBTHALAMICUS NUCLEUS, INTERNAL GLOBUS PALLIDUS AND THALAMUS INVOLVED IN THINKING?

Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry ◽

10.1136/jnnp-2015-312379.168 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 86 (11) ◽

pp. e4.77-e4

Author(s):

Eduard Minks ◽

Pavel Jurák ◽

Jan Chládek ◽

Zuzana Hummelová ◽

Josef Halámek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Evoked Potentials ◽

Globus Pallidus ◽

Cognitive Response ◽

Internal Globus Pallidus ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Generalized Dystonia ◽

Left And Right ◽

Local Potentials ◽

The Difference ◽

Deep Brain

IntroductionThe aim was to compare evoked potentials (EP) from the P300 paradigm against mismatch negativity (MMN) paradigm, both recorded in the subthalamic nucleus (STN), internal globus pallidus (GPi) and thalamus (Th) and thus electrophysiologically isolate conscious cognition component in these structures.MethodsWe included 8 patients in Deep brain stimulation program and recorded EP (patients with Parkinson's disease, Generalized dystonia, Essential tremor, Epilepsy). The two four-contacts intracerebral electrodes were implanted into the left and right STN, GPi or Th bilaterally. We computed local potentials on the left and right electrode and we studied the latency of cognitive response (from 200 to 400 ms).ResultsIn the comparison of infrequent stimuli related P300 and MMN a significant difference was found in 14 from 16 electrodes. Comparing frequent answers we found significant difference in 13 from 16 electrodes.ConclusionThe difference between evoked potentials of MMN and P300 protocols in 200–400 ms latency suggests that STN, GPi and Th are involved in conscious cognitive processes at the time of stimuli application.

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Changes in the control of arm position, movement, and thalamic discharge during local inactivation in the globus pallidus of the monkey

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1996.75.3.1087 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 75 (3) ◽

pp. 1087-1104 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

M. Inase ◽

J. A. Buford ◽

M. E. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Globus Pallidus ◽

Visual Cues ◽

Discharge Rate ◽

Movement Time ◽

Arm Movements ◽

Arm Movement ◽

Temporal Correlation ◽

Movement Velocity ◽

Thalamic Neurons ◽

Internal Globus Pallidus

1. To examine the effect of disruption of basal ganglia output on limb stability and movement, muscimol was injected into the internal globus pallidus (GPi) of monkeys trained to make arm movements to visible or remembered targets in a two-dimensional workspace. 2. Injections of as little as 0.25 micrograms muscimol at GPi sites at which pallidal neurons with arm movement activity had been recorded were followed by drift of the contralateral arm within < 10 min. Drift was usually in the flexor direction. Injections at a few sites in or near the external pallidal segment sometimes were followed by extensor drift. 3. Drift was active (accompanied by activation of agonist muscles), but could be overcome by the animal, resulting in an oscillating movement off and on the required position. 4. The pallidal-receiving (PR) area of the thalamus was identified by recording the response of thalamic neurons to stimulation in the globus pallidus. The activity of 15 neurons identified as PR cells (n = 6) or within the PR region was recorded both before and after injection of muscimol into GPi. After the injection, the tonic discharge increased during the hold period in 47% of the cells studied. When postural drift also occurred, there was a close temporal correlation between the postinjection time at which drift occurred and the time at which the tonic discharge rate increased in thalamic neurons that were clearly related to arm movement. 5. The peak velocity of arm movements to visible or remembered visual target locations was decreased after injection of muscimol into GPi, sometimes with an increase in movement time. 6. The firing rate of PR thalamic neurons after injection of muscimol was also increased during the perimovement period. Because of the increase in the tonic discharge rate, however, the phasic movement-related change in activity could stay the same or even decrease. Postinjection changes in this movement-related phasic activity, however, were not necessarily coincident with changes in peak movement velocity. 7. Changes in reaction time were variable after injection of muscimol. In some cases it was increased, and in others decreased. The time of onset of phasic movement-related changes in the activity of PR neurons studied was not altered by the injection. 8. Our data indicate that the tonic inhibitory output of GPi, in particular to the cortical motor areas, is especially important in the maintenance of postural stability. In the absence of normal pallidal output, desired limb position can be achieved on the basis of either current or prior visual cues, but targeted movements are slowed.

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Effects of High-Frequency Stimulation in the Internal Globus Pallidus on the Activity of Thalamic Neurons in the Awake Monkey

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00475.2002 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 89 (2) ◽

pp. 1150-1160 ◽

Cited By ~ 179

Author(s):

Marjorie E. Anderson ◽

Nadia Postupna ◽

Mark Ruffo

Keyword(s):

Globus Pallidus ◽

High Frequency ◽

Internal Capsule ◽

High Frequency Stimulation ◽

Burst Frequency ◽

Thalamic Neurons ◽

Internal Globus Pallidus ◽

Current Spread ◽

Frequency Stimulation ◽

Similar Intensity

The reduction in symptoms of Parkinson's disease produced by high-frequency stimulation (HFS) in the internal globus pallidus (GPi) has been proposed to be due to stimulus-induced inactivation of pallidal neurons and resulting disinhibition of thalamic neurons. We tested this in awake Macaca fascicularis by stimulating between pairs of electrodes inserted into GPi under electrophysiological control and recording the responses evoked in thalamic neurons. HFS produced a reduction, not an increase, in discharge frequency during the stimulus train in 77% of the responsive thalamic neurons. Only 16% of the responsive cells showed an increase in discharge during stimulation and, for some of these, stimulation at a similar intensity produced contralateral muscle contraction, a probable sign of current spread to the internal capsule. The few thalamic neurons studied during bursting had a reduction in burst frequency and duration during HFS. We conclude that high-frequency stimulation within GPi does not necessarily facilitate thalamic discharge, and it may act, instead, to interrupt abnormal patterns of thalamic discharge associated with parkinsonian symptoms.

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Immunoreactivity of Tissue Plasminogen Activator and of Its Inhibitor Complexes

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1646605 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 61 (03) ◽

pp. 409-414 ◽

Cited By ~ 70

Author(s):

M Rånby ◽

G Nguyen ◽

P Y Scarabin ◽

M Samama

Keyword(s):

Plasminogen Activator ◽

Tissue Plasminogen Activator ◽

Degradation Products ◽

Gel Filtration ◽

Free Form ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Plasma Samples ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Tissue Plasminogen ◽

Pai 1

SummaryAn enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on goat polyclonal antibodies against human tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) was evaluated. The relative immunoreactivity of tPA in free form and tPA in complex with inhibitors was estimated by ELISA and found to be 100, 74, 94, 92 and 8l% for free tPA and tPA in complex with PAI-1, PAI-2, α2-antiplasmin and C1-inhibitor, respectively. Addition of tPA to PAI-1 rich plasma resulted in rapid and total loss of tPA activity without detectable loss of ELISA response, indicating an immunoreactivity of tPA in tPA/PAI-1 complex of about l00%. Three different treatments of citrated plasma samples (acidification/reneutralization, addition of 5 mM EDTA or of 0.5 M lysine) prior to determination by ELISA all resulted in increased tPA levels. The fact that the increase was equally large in all three cases along with good analytical recovery of tPA added to plasffi, supported the notion that all tPA antigen present in plasma samples is measured by the ELISA. Analysis by ELISA of fractions obtained by gel filtration of plasma from a patient undergoing tPA treatment identified tPA/inhibitor complexes and free tPA but no low molecular weight degradation products of tPA. Determinations of tPA antigen were made at seven French clinical laboratories on coded and randomized plasma samples with known tPA antigen content. For undiluted samples there was no significant difference between the tPA levels found and those known to be present. The between-assay coefficient of variation was 7 to 10%. In conclusion, the ELISA appeared suited for determination of total tPA antigen in human plasma samples.

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10 / Anaesthetic considerations in a patient with kernicterus for stereotactic bilateral insertion of deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes into internal globus pallidus (GPi) nuclei.

10.26226/morressier.5aeb0ac907b0d6001a79a69e ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Sofia Diaz

Keyword(s):

Deep Brain Stimulation ◽

Globus Pallidus ◽

Brain Stimulation ◽

Internal Globus Pallidus ◽

Deep Brain

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Influence of submaximal isometric contractions of the hamstrings on electromyography activity and force while functioning as hip extensors

Isokinetics and Exercise Science ◽

10.3233/ies-204172 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Dasom Oh ◽

Wootaek Lim

Keyword(s):

Prone Position ◽

Supine Position ◽

Isometric Contraction ◽

Muscle Length ◽

Biceps Femoris ◽

Emg Activity ◽

Isometric Contractions ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Extension Force ◽

Long Head

BACKGROUND: Although the medial and lateral hamstrings are clearly distinct anatomically and have different functions in the transverse plane, they are often considered as one muscle during rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to compare the electromyographic (EMG) activity between the prone position and the supine position during maximal isometric contraction and to additionally confirm the effect of submaximal isometric contractions on EMG activity of medial and lateral hamstrings, and force. METHODS: In the prone position, EMG activities of the long head of biceps femoris (BFLH) and semitendinosus (ST) were measured during the maximal isometric contraction. In the supine position, hip extension force with EMG activity were measured during the maximal and the submaximal isometric contractions. RESULTS: EMG activity in the prone position was significantly decreased in the supine position. In the supine position, there was a significant difference between the BFLH and ST during the maximal isometric contraction, but not during the submaximal isometric contractions. CONCLUSIONS: The dependence on the hamstrings could be relatively lower during hip extensions. When the medial and lateral hamstrings are considered separately, the lateral hamstrings may show a more active response, with increased muscle length, in clinical practice.

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