scholarly journals Applied genomics for identification of virulent biothreats and for disease outbreak surveillance

2022 ◽  
pp. postgradmedj-2021-139916
Author(s):  
Martin C Nwadiugwu ◽  
Nelson Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Genomic Library ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Global Regulation ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreak ◽  
Global Space ◽  
Restriction Sites ◽  
Preventative Strategy ◽  
Pathogenic Agents ◽  
Complete Genomic

Fortifying our preparedness to cope with biological threats by identifying and targeting virulence factors may be a preventative strategy for curtailing infectious disease outbreak. Virulence factors evoke successful pathogenic invasion, and the science and technology of genomics offers a way of identifying them, their agents and evolutionary ancestor. Genomics offers the possibility of deciphering if the release of a pathogen was intentional or natural by observing sequence and annotated data of the causative agent, and evidence of genetic engineering such as cloned vectors at restriction sites. However, to leverage and maximise the application of genomics to strengthen global interception system for real-time biothreat diagnostics, a complete genomic library of pathogenic and non-pathogenic agents will create a robust reference assembly that can be used to screen, characterise, track and trace new and existing strains. Encouraging ethical research sequencing pathogens found in animals and the environment, as well as creating a global space for collaboration will lead to effective global regulation and biosurveillance.

Policy for Managing a Community Infectious Disease Outbreak

1991 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 364-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth M. Frace ◽  
Jeffrey A. Jahre
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Immune Serum Globulin ◽  
Serum Globulin ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreak ◽  
Mass Immunization ◽  
Eastern Pennsylvania ◽  
Rapid Deployment ◽  
Community Teaching

AbstractObjective:To identify guidelines for the management of an infectious disease emergency.Setting:In February 1990, the discovery of hepatitis A in three foodhandlers prompted city and state health officials to offer mass immunization to residents of several counties in eastern Pennsylvania. In an attempt to facilitate the immunization effort, local hospitals were asked to establish and staff clinics to supplement the efforts of the health bureaus.Results:Over a four-week period, combined efforts resulted in approximately 10,000 people receiving immunization with immune serum globulin (IgG).Conclusions:This was one of several infectious disease emergencies the community has faced in the recent past. Recognizing that future incidents of this nature are likely to occur, one 435-bed community teaching hospital devised an infectious disease emergency policy that allows for rapid deployment of personnel and services in the event of an infectious disease outbreak.

scholarly journals A rapid review investigating the potential impact of a pandemic on the mental health of young people aged 12–25 years

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
A. O’Reilly ◽  
M. Tibbs ◽  
A. Booth ◽  
E. Doyle ◽  
B. McKeague ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Young People ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rapid Review ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreak ◽  
Potential Impact

Abstract Objectives: In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic. Adolescence and early adulthood are peak times for the onset of mental health difficulties. Exposure to a pandemic during this vulnerable developmental period places young people at significant risk of negative psychological experiences. The objective of this research was to summarise existing evidence on the potential impact of a pandemic on the mental health of 12–25 year olds. Methods: A rapid review of the published peer-reviewed literature, published between 1985 and 2020, using PsycINFO (Proquest) and Medline (Proquest) was conducted. Narrative synthesis was used across studies to identify key themes and concepts. Results: This review found 3,359 papers, which was reduced to 12 papers for data extraction. Results regarding the prevalence of psychological difficulties in youth were mixed, with some studies finding this group experience heightened distress during an infectious disease outbreak, and others finding no age differences or higher distress among adults. Gender, coping, self-reported physical health and adoption of precautionary measures appear to play a role in moderating the psychological impact of an infectious disease outbreak. Most studies were conducted after the peak of an epidemic/pandemic or in the recovery period. Conclusions: More longitudinal research with young people, particularly adolescents in the general population, before and during the early stages of an infectious disease outbreak is needed to obtain a clear understanding of how best to support young people during these events.

scholarly journals Tracking echovirus eleven outbreaks in Guangdong, China: a metatranscriptomic, phylogenetic, and epidemiological study

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Lu ◽  
Min Kang ◽  
Hanri Zeng ◽  
Yuwen Zhong ◽  
Ling Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Genetic Technology ◽  
Environmental Surveillance ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreak ◽  
Current Outbreak ◽  
Pathogen Diagnosis

Abstract In April 2019, a suspect cluster of enterovirus cases was reported in a neonatology department in Guangdong, China, resulting in five deaths. We aimed to investigate the pathogen profiles in fatal cases, the circulation and transmission pattern of the viruses by combining metatranscriptomic, phylogenetic, and epidemiological analyses. Metatranscriptomic sequencing was used to characterize the enteroviruses. Clinical and environmental surveillance in the local population was performed to understand the prevalence and genetic diversity of the viruses in the local population. The possible source(s), evolution, transmission, and recombination of the viruses were investigated by incorporating genomes from the current outbreak, from local retrospective surveillance, and from public databases. Metatranscriptomic analysis identified Echovirus 11 (E11) in three fatal cases. Seroprevalence of neutralization antibody to E11 was 35 to 44 per cent in 3–15 age groups of general population, and the viruses were associated with various clinical symptoms. From the viral phylogeny, nosocomial transmissions were identified and all E11 2019 outbreak strains were closely related with E11 strains circulating in local population 2017–19. Frequent recombination occurred among the 2019 Guangdong E11 outbreak strains and various genotypes in enterovirus B species. This study provides an example of combining advanced genetic technology and epidemiological surveillance in pathogen diagnosis, source(s), and transmission tracing during an infectious disease outbreak. The result highlights the hidden E11 circulation and the risk of viral transmission and infection in the young age population in China. Frequent recombination between Guangdong-like strains and other enterovirus genotypes also implies the prevalence of these emerging E11 strains.

scholarly journals Impact of a Hypothetical Infectious Disease Outbreak on US Exports and Export-Based Jobs

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe Bambery ◽  
Cynthia H. Cassell ◽  
Rebecca E. Bunnell ◽  
Kakoli Roy ◽  
Zara Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreak
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