Anatomical modification by 2,4-DB of vascular cambium and secondary xylem in soybean internodes

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 2142-2146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thompson Demetrio Pizzolato
Keyword(s):  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Anatomical Changes ◽  
Gelatinous Fibers ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Ray Initials

Anatomical changes in the vascular cambium and secondary xylem of the first internode of soybeans were observed 15 days after an aqueous spray of 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB) was applied at 0.56 kg acid equivalent per hectare. The cambium became a meristem of initials, which were intermediate in morphology between normal ray and fusiform initials, and the system of ray initials was lost. The xylem lost its rays and became a tissue in which narrow vessel members abnormally outnumbered the axial parenchyma cells, libriform fibers, and gelatinous fibers which were common in normal wood. The herbicide inhibited the normal expansion of vessel-member primordia.

scholarly journals Desenvolvimento e mudanças celulares na estrutura dos raios xilemáticos de Rollinia emarginata Schlecht. (Annonaceae)

1988 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Paulo Cesar Botosso
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Intrusive Growth ◽  
Outermost Layer ◽  
Cellular Changes ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Cellular Transformations ◽  
Ray Initials

Through microscopical observations in serial tangential sctions from cambium to pith the development and the most significant cellular changes in the structure of rays of Rollinia emarginata Schlecht. (Annonaceae) were observed. The ray characteristics of the outermost layer of secondary xylem are described and the major changes in the ray structure in different stages of secondary develooment are considered. The cellular changes observed are extremely variable, occurring isolated or in complex combinations. The most significant cellular changes observed during ray development are the following: origin of ray initials from fusiform initials or from cambial ray initials; changes resulting from the intrusive growth of fusiform initials through a group of ray initials and the loss of ray initials from the cambium. From these cellular transformations the most important changes in the origin of secondary rays, increase in height and width and reduction in the height of multisseriate rays are considered.

Vertical migration of rays leads to the development of a double-storied phenotype in the cambium of Aesculus turbinata

Botany ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Myśkow ◽  
Beata Zagórska-Marek
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Migration ◽  
Hippophae Rhamnoides ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Common Descent ◽  
Hippophaë Rhamnoides ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Hippophae Rhamnoïdes L ◽  
Ray Cell ◽  
Ray Initials

In the vascular cambium of Aesculus turbinata (Blume) the double-storied structure develops slowly. Initially, the arrangement of primary rays is nonstoried. New secondary rays are initiated during cambial expansion. Rays grow by addition of new initials at both ray margins and then split by the intrusive elongation of adjacent fusiform cells. The repetitive splits give rise to groups of several rays of common descent. Initially, the secondary rays are also nonstoried. Later, they become organized into horizontal tiers. This results from the vertical migration of ray initials in the vascular cambium. Controlled polar additions and eliminations of ray-cell initials at the opposite margins of the ray continue until it reaches the appropriate position within the storey of fusiform initials. We postulate that there are at least two mechanisms for the formation and maintenance of ray tiers in cambium. They are unrelated to cell inclination changes, which as described earlier, are known to sometimes induce a double-storied phenotype. The first of these mechanisms, involves initiation of secondary rays exactly within the storeys of fusiform initials, as in Hippophaë rhamnoides L. The second mechanism, present in A. turbinata, is based on the dynamic, controlled migration of rays.

Structure and ontogeny of the fissured stems of Callaeum (Malpighiaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo A. Cabanillas ◽  
Marcelo R. Pace ◽  
Veronica Angyalossy
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Natural Fracture ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Cambial Variant ◽  
Stem Development

Stem ontogeny and structure of two neotropical twining vines of the genus Callaeum are described. Secondary growth in Callaeum begins with a typical regular cambium that gradually becomes lobed as a result of variation in xylem and phloem production rates in certain portions of the stem aligned with stem orthostichies. As development progresses, lignified ray cells of the initially formed secondary xylem detach on one side from the adjacent tissues, forming a natural fracture that induces the proliferation of both ray and axial nonlignified parenchyma. At the same time, parenchyma proliferation takes place around the pith margin and generates a ring of radially arranged parenchyma cells. The parenchyma generated in this process (here termed disruptive parenchyma) keeps dividing throughout stem development. As growth continues, the parenchyma finally cleaves the lignified axial parts of the vascular system into several isolated fragments of different sizes. Each fragment consists of xylem, phloem and vascular cambium and is immersed in a ground matrix of disruptive parenchyma. The cambium present in each fragment divides anticlinally to almost encircle each entire fragment and maintains its regular activity by producing xylem to the centre of the fragment and phloem to the periphery. Additionally, new cambia arise within the disruptive parenchyma and produce xylem and phloem in various polarities, such as xylem to the inside and phloem to the outside of the stem, or perpendicularly to the original cambium. Unlike the very distinctive stem anatomical architecture resulting from this cambial variant in Callaeum, its secondary xylem and phloem exhibit features typical of lianas. These features include very wide conducting cells, abundant axial parenchyma, high and heterocellular rays and gelatinous fibres.

Correlation of intrusive growth of cambial initials to rearrangement of rays in the vascular cambium

IAWA Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Wilczek ◽  
Joanna Jura-Morawiec ◽  
Paweł Kojs ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal ◽  
Wiesław Włoch
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Tilia Cordata ◽  
Intrusive Growth ◽  
Hippophaë Rhamnoides ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
The One ◽  
Fusiform Initial ◽  
Ray Initials

It is well documented that apical elongation of fusiform cambial initials through extension of their longitudinal edges, and their intrusion between tangential walls of the neighbouring initials and their closest derivatives cause rearrangement of fusiform cells, without increasing the cambial circumference. However, the concurrent rearrangement of rays is not fully understood. This study deals with Pinus sylvestris L., Tilia cordata Mill. and Hippophaë rhamnoides L., possessing a nonstoreyed, storeyed and double-storeyed type of cambium, respectively, and shows that the mechanism for rearrangement of ray initials is similar to the one proposed for fusiform initials, and includes multiplication of ray initials by anticlinal divisions, intrusive growth of ray initials, elimination of ray initials caused by intrusive growth of neighbouring fusiform initials, and transformation of ray initials into fusiform initials. Intrusive growth of a ray initial does not necessarily lead to the formation of a new fusiform initial, as it is dependent on the extent of the intrusive growth taken place. The extent of rearrangement of cambial cells is determined by the intensity of events occurring among the fusiform as well as ray initials. Intrusive growth of these initials does not influence the size of the cambial circumference.

Vascular cambium and wood development in Carboniferous plants. III. Arthropitys (Equisetales; Calamitaceae)

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 688-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Cichan
Keyword(s):  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Wood Development ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Cambium Activity ◽  
Developmental Characteristics ◽  
Ray Initials

Vascular cambium activity was examined in Arthropitys communis (Binney) Hirmer et Knoell, and A. deltoides Cichan et Taylor, anatomically preserved calamite stems from the Pennsylvanian of Kentucky. Developmental characteristics of the meristem were inferred from changes in the size and number of tracheids and ray cells determined from serial tangential sections of the secondary xylem. In A. communis, circumferential enlargement of the cambium seems to have been accommodated primarily by the enlargement of fusiform initials. Qualitative and quantitative evidence is also presented indicating that “marginal” interfascicular ray initials were converted to fusiform initials during the early stages of cambial activity. In A. deltoides, circumferential enlargement of the meristem was accommodated by the enlargement of fusiform initials and by an increase in size and number of interfascicular ray initials. Multiplicative division of the fascicular ray initials appears to have been an important feature of cambial activity in both species. There is no qualitative or quantitative evidence that the number of fusiform initials in either species was augmented by anticlinal division as in extant seed plants.

scholarly journals ESTUDO COMPARATIVO DO XILEMA SECUNDÁRIO DE TRÊS ESPÉCIES ORNAMENTAIS DE Euphorbia

FLORESTA ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anelise Marta Siegloch ◽  
José Newton Cardoso Marchiori ◽  
Sidinei Rodrigues dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Gelatinous Fibers ◽  
In Series ◽  
Perforation Plates

São anatomicamente descritos os xilemas secundários de Euphorbia cotinifolia L., E. pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzch e E. tirucalli L. As descrições anatômicas seguem IAWA (1989). Para as três espécies, foram confirmados os seguintes detalhes anatômicos mencionados na literatura para família Euphorbiaceae e gênero Euphorbia: poros em múltiplos radiais; placas de perfuração simples; pontoações intervasculares de diâmetro médio; pontoações raio-vasculares alongadas; parênquima axial com 2-4 células por série; raios com 1-3 células de largura; fibras frequentemente gelatinosas; e presença de laticíferos radiais.Palavras-chave: Análise de agrupamento; estudo anatômico; Euphorbiaceae. AbstractComparative study of the secondary xylem of three ornamental Euphorbia species. The wood anatomy of Euphorbia cotinifolia, E. pulcherrima and E. tirucalli, are described. The anatomical descriptions follow IAWA (1989). The following details mentioned in the literature to family Euphorbiaceae and genus Euphorbia were confirmed to the three species: radial multiple pores; simple perforation plates; medium size intervessel pits; elongated vascular-ray pits, axial parenchyma in series with 2-4 cells; rays with 1-3 cells wide; usually gelatinous fibers; and laticifers in rays.Keywords: Cluster analysis; euphorbiaceae; wood Anatomy.

Vestures in Axial Parenchyma Cells

IAWA Journal ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Ohtani
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Sem Micrographs ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

Axial parenchyma cells with vestures were found in the secondary xylem of Lasianthus japonicus Miq. (Rubiaceae). The vestures were always associated with reticulate thickenings. Their morphology is illustrated by SEM micrographs.

Wood and Bark Anatomy of Caricaceae; Correlations with Systematics and Habit

IAWA Journal ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherwin Carlquist
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
The Family ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Phloem Fibers ◽  
Bark Anatomy ◽  
Mechanical Tissue

Wood and bark anatomy are described for four species of three genera of Caricaceae; both root and stem material were available for Jacaratia hassleriana. Wood of all species lacks libriform fibers in secondary xylem, and has axial parenchyma instead. Cylicomorpha parviflora has paratracheal parenchyma cells with thin lignified walls; otherwise, all cell walls of secondary xylem in Caricaceae except those of vessels have only primary walls. Vessels have alternate laterally elongate (pseudoscalariform) pits on vessel-vessel interfaces, but wide, minimally bordered scalariform pits on vessel-parenchyma contacts. Laticifers occur commonly in tangential plates in fascicular secondary xylem, and rarely in xylem rays. Proliferation of axial parenchyma by zones of tangential divisions is newly reported for the family. Bark is diverse in the species, although some features (e.g., druses) are common to all. Wood of Caricaceae is compared to that of two species of Moringaceae, recently designated the sister family of Caricaceae. Although the wood and bark of Moringa oleifera, a treelike species, differ from those of Caricaceae, wood and bark of the stem succulent M. hildebrandtii, the habit of which resembles those in Caricaceae, simulate wood and bark of Caricaceae closely. Counterparts to laticifers in Moringaceae are uncertain, however. Phloem fibers of Caricaceae form an expansible peripheral cylinder of mechanical tissue that correlates with the stem succulence of most species of Caricaceae.

Histological relationship of Phytobia setosa to Acer saccharum

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Gregory ◽  
William Wallner
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Resistance Variation ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Storage Area ◽  
Relationship Of

The maple cambium miner, Phytobia setosa (Loew), attacks Acer spp., producing ray flecks which result in degrade in face veneer and furniture wood. Samples from infested sugar maple, Acer saccharum Marsh, trees demonstrated that while mines passed close to the vascular cambium the initial cells were not affected. Thus, although it is called a cambium miner it does not mine the cambium. Mines filled with parenchyma cells which proliferated from severed vascular rays. These cells, when mature, stored starch. In heavily infested trees the starch storage area in the xylem may thus be measurably increased. The zone of newly differentiating xylem provides the insect with the path of least resistance; variation in the condition of secondary xylem may account for the variability in host susceptibility.

Developmental Changes in the Wood of Bocconia Vulcanica Donn. Smith

IAWA Journal ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 4 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 131-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Billy G. Cumbie
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Primary Xylem ◽  
Thin Walls ◽  
Wood Fibres ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Square Cells

Developmental changes in the xylem were studied in a stem of Bocconia vulcanica Donn. Smith with a xylem radius of 3.0–4.5 cm. Growth rings are absent. The vascular cambium is nonstoried with fusiform initials averaging 282 µm long. The specialised vessel members are short, with oblique to transverse end walls, simple perforations, and alternate intervascular pitting. Vessels are relatively uniform in diameter and arrangement throughout the wood. Fibres have moderately thin walls and do not increase in length from the primary xylem to the cambium. Axial parenchyma is paratracheal, scanty to vasicentric. Rays are exclusively multiseriate, tall, and heterocellular with a predominance of erect and square cells. Sheath cells occur along the sides. There are no fibres in the secondary phloem and a periderm is not present. The xylem and bark are similar in many respects to that formed in some groups of dicotyledons that are basically herbaceous with evolution toward woodiness.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document