Inhibition of Botrytis cinerea spore germination by immunoglobulins

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 922-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Gardiner ◽  
W. E. McKeen ◽  
T. M. Lawrence ◽  
R. J. Smith ◽  
A. W. Day
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Antigen Binding ◽  
Binding Region ◽  
Lesion Formation ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Glass Slides ◽  
65 H

Lesion formation by spores of Botrytis cinerea on Vicia faba occurred within 15 h after inoculation. However, simultaneous application of various antisera delayed lesion formation until up to 65 h after inoculation. As the dilution of antiserum was increased, the length of the inhibitory period decreased and the fraction of the leaf surface that eventually became covered in lesions increased. Antisera of different antigen-binding specificity or different class of heavy chain (IgA, IgG, IgM) inhibited lesion formation, though IgM was the most effective. Antisera purified of other serum proteins were effective, but serum proteins such as albumins were not effective in causing inhibition of lesion formation. F(ab′)2 fragments of IgG molecules were as effective as the complete IgG molecule while Fc and light chain fragments were ineffective. Germination of B. cinerea spores on glass slides was inhibited by the same range of immunoglobulin molecules and fragments. We conclude that some constant portion of the antigen binding region of immunoglobulins inhibits lesion formation by inhibiting spore germination.

Peronospora anemones. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Francis
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Lower Leaf Surface ◽  
Glass Slides ◽  
Secondary Infections

Abstract A description is provided for Peronospora anemones. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Anemone coronaria, A. globosa. DISEASE: Downy mildew of anemones. Infected leaves lose their natural bloom, appearing dull green, almost grey in colour and are often down curled giving the plant a rounded appearance. As the disease progresses, leaf colour may change to shades of pink or purple with necrotic areas appearing on the older leaves. Invasion by secondary organisms (e.g. Botrytis cinerea) is common, especially after frost or storm injury, and this accelerates plant death. In favourable conditions conidiophores develop forming a whitish-grey down on the lower leaf surface, on the bracts and, less frequently, on the petioles. It is not uncommon for affected plants to show little or no sporulation and in these cases the presence of extensive intercellular mycelium and, later in the season, oospores in petioles and peduncles helps diagnosis. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia (New Zealand); Europe (England, Jersey, France, Italy, Netherlands). TRANSMISSION: Primary infection is caused by oospores in plant debris in the soil. Tramier (1963) was unable to germinate oospores and thus work out precise details of the conditions affecting their germination but he showed evidence that regular and prolonged rain encouraged germination. Conidia, which cause secondary infections, are dispersed by rain and during harvesting of the flowers. Wind is thought to be unimportant in their dissemination as shown by glass slides covered with vaseline and placed near an infected crop (Tramier, 1965).

scholarly journals Antifungal Efficacy of Plant Oils Containing Thymol and Carvacrol in Controlling Botrytis cinerea, the Causal Agent of Grape (Vitis vinifera) GrayMould

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (02) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Zaker M ◽  
Zaker L
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Plant Oils ◽  
Horticultural Products ◽  
Antifungal Efficacy ◽  
Germ Tube Elongation

The efficacy of a large number of plant extracts and essential oils in controlling plant diseases has been proven worldwide. Botrytis cinerea has attacked a wide host range causing severe loss in the field and at storage. In this study the antifungal efficacy of essential oils of three medicinal plants namely wild marjoram (Zataria multifolia), wild savory (perennial) (Satureja mutica) and savory (annual) (Satureja hortensis) possessing these compounds at three concentrations: 50, 100 and 200 ppm were evaluated in controlling the mycelial growth, spore germination and germ tube elongation of B. cinerea. All treatments except savory (annual) essential oil at 50 ppm showed significant differences with the control in inhibiting the mycelial growth as well as spore germination and germ tube elongation of B. cinerea (p=0.01). It was also noted that wild marjoram at 100 ppm and wild savory (perennial) essential oils at 200 ppm could completely (100%) inhibit the growth of the fungus. Essential oils from wild marjoram and wild savory had higher antifungal activity than annual savory. Their suitable formulations could be prepared and used as safe alternatives for controlling moulds of horticultural products during storage. The Agriculturists 2018; 16(2) 15-24

scholarly journals Inhibitory effect of Pseudomonas spp. on the development of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 128-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Bryk ◽  
B. Dyki ◽  
P. Sobiczewski
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Liquid Cultures ◽  
Pseudomonas Spp ◽  
Apple Leaves ◽  
Germ Tube Elongation

The influence of antagonistic Pseudomonas spp. on the development of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum was studied in liquid cultures. Two strains of Pseudomonas spp. (B194 and B224), originally isolated from apple leaves and fruits, respectively, inhibited spore germination and germ tube elongation of B. cinerea or P. expansum. The inhibitory effect depended on the concentration of bacteria in the cultures. After a prolonged time of incubation (48–76 h) lysis and fragmentation of hyphae of both fungi was observed. In some cases the hyphae of B. cinerea developed abnormally if the bacterial strains were present – the hyphal tips were swollen and ball-shaped spore-like structures aggregated in chains were formed.

scholarly journals Surface Colonization, Penetration, and Lesion Formation on Grapes Inoculated Fresh or After Cold Storage with Single Airborne Conidia of Botrytis cinerea

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (10) ◽  
pp. 917-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Coertze ◽  
Gustav Holz
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
High Relative Humidity ◽  
Lesion Formation ◽  
Surface Colonization ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Airborne Conidia

Infection of grapes by different densities of airborne conidia of Botrytis cinerea was investigated on table grapes (cultivar Dauphine) harvested ripe (16°Brix) and inoculated fresh, or after SO2 treatment and 8-week storage at -0.5°C. Berries were detached at each inoculation and dusted with dry conidia in a settling tower. Following inoculation, the fresh berries were incubated for 24 h at high relative humidity (≥93%), or were overlaid with wet sterile paper towels. Cold-stored berries were incubated at high relative humidity. The effect of conidial density on surface colonization, penetration, and lesion formation was determined by surface sterilization, isolation, and freezing studies on fresh berries. Only symptom expression was determined on cold-stored berries. Fluorescence microscopy of skin segments showed that conidia were consistently deposited as single cells, and not in pairs or groups, on berry surfaces. Individual conidia, at all densities tested, readily infected the cold-stored berries and formed separate lesions after 2 days. Although the cold-stored berries were highly susceptible, lesion numbers were not related to conidial density at low inoculum dosages (0.67 to 2.60 conidia per mm2 berry surface). Lesion numbers tended to increase exponentially at higher dosages (3.24 to 3.88 conidia per mm2 berry surface). Individual conidia, however, did not induce any disease symptoms on fresh berries. Removal of the pathogen after 24-h incubation from the surface of fresh berries by ethanol, and subsequent incubation of excised skin segments revealed that, irrespective of the conidial density or the wetness regime, less than 2% of skin segments were penetrated. Furthermore, increasing densities of conidia did not lead to higher rates of surface colonization and skin penetration. The low incidence of disease caused on fresh berries and high disease incidence induced after prolonged cold storage indicated that infection was not governed by conidial density on berry surfaces, but by the level of host resistance.

The role of fosetyl-Al in the potential integrated control of Fulvia fulva

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Tirilly
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Lesion Formation ◽  
Destructive Action ◽  
Fulvia Fulva ◽  
Minimal Concentration

Fulvia fulva, the agent of leaf mould, is known to be a major parasite of tomato leaves in greenhouses. Its development is characterized by a biotrophic phase followed by a necrotrophic phase. Hansfordia pulvinata is a hyperparasite of this pathogen, but its destructive action is restricted by its inability to colonize F. fulva during the biotrophic phase, before lesion formation. An integrated system to optimize the mycoparasitic activity of H. pulvinata was studied. The hyperparasite was tolerant to fosetyl-Al in situ. At a minimal concentration of 500 mg/L, the fungicide inhibited F. fulva spore germination after spraying on tomato leaves but did not have any effect during the necrotrophic phase. Thus, fosetyl-Al, which prevented reinfection, and the destructive hyperparasite H. pulvinata had complementary effects. Key words: Hansfordia pulvinata, fosetyl-Al, Fulvia fulva, integrated control, leaf mould, tomato.

scholarly journals Suppression of interstitial nephritis by auto-anti-idiotypic immunity.

1982 ◽  
Vol 155 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
E G Neilson ◽  
M Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Interstitial Nephritis ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Antigen Binding ◽  
Experimental Basis ◽  
Binding Region ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Renal Tubular ◽  
T Lymphoblasts

Rats immunized with renal tubular antigens were protected from the development of interstitial nephritis by pretreatment with tubular antigen-reactive T lymphoblasts. Protected animals developed anti-idiotypic antibodies against idiotypes primarily within the antigen-binding region of monoclonal antitubular basement membrane antibodies. These studies extend the concept of auto-anti-idiotypic regulation to autoimmune disease, and they also provide an experimental basis for further efforts to develop biologically relevant mechanisms for attenuating the expression of other kidney diseases.

Probing the interaction between cisplatin and the therapeutic monoclonal antibody trastuzumab

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (35) ◽  
pp. 29229-29236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessia Lasorsa ◽  
Maurizio Losacco ◽  
Rosa Maria Iacobazzi ◽  
Letizia Porcelli ◽  
Amalia Azzariti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Antigen Binding ◽  
Binding Region ◽  
Fc Fragment ◽  
Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody

Cisplatin binds to the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab preferentially to the Fc fragment, leaving the antigen binding region unaffected. The two drugs are co-administered in cancer therapy.

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