The Distribution of Posterior Malleolus Fracture Lines

Background: The morphology and classification of posterior malleolus (PM) fractures remain controversial. An increasing number of studies have found that merely focusing on the fragment size does not lead to a satisfactory prognosis. This study aimed to demonstrate the fracture line and comminution zones of PM fractures using computed tomography (CT), in order to provide insights into the injury mechanism of PM fractures. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the data of 95 patients with PM fractures between 2013 and 2018 at a level 1 trauma center. The CT data of the PM of the patients were reconstructed using software. Images of all patients were superimposed together, and drawn as a heat map of the fragments and line distributions of PM fractures. Results: Our study included 66 type I, 19 type II, and 10 type III PM fractures according to the classification of Haraguchi. In the single-fragment fracture group, the fracture lines were mainly concentrated in the posterolateral tibial tubercle area (Volkmann’s tubercle) and a larger tubercle area involving the tibialis posterior groove. In the multifragment fracture group, there were 10 (43.5%) patients with a 2-fragment pattern and 13 (56.5%) patients with a compressive-fragment pattern. Conclusion: According to the fracture map and previous studies on the syndesmosis, our study provides a different understanding of the pathomechanisms of ankle injuries compared with previous classifications of PM fractures. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective study.

PCR-RFLP Analysis of D-Loop mtDNA in Indonesian Domestic Waterfowl

<p class="IsiAbstrakIndo"><span lang="EN-GB">Phylogenetic or population genetic studies have been focused on finding genetic variations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) because mutations in this region contained five times higher than other genetic materials. The aim of this research was to generate PCR-RFLP D-loop mtDNA profiles of some Indonesian domestic waterfowl. The samples were 35 local ducks, 5 muscovy duck, and 5 geese. These local ducks included on seven types of Javanese ducks in Central Java, i.e. Magelang duck, Peking duck, Pengging duck, Tegal Branjangan duck, Tegal Jarakan duck, Tegal Blorong duck, and Tegal Lemahan duck. PCR technique was used to amplify the D-loop genes, and RFLP analysis of the D-loop was performed with </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Alu</span></em><span lang="EN-GB">I</span><em></em><span lang="EN-GB">and </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Rsa</span></em><span lang="EN-GB">I. The results show that muscovy duck has no restriction sites in D-loop gene. Moreover, goose has a restriction </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">s</span></em><span lang="EN-GB">ite of </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Alu</span></em><span lang="EN-GB">I in D-loop gene at 550 bp and 187 bp; and it has no restriction site of </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Rsa</span></em><span lang="EN-GB">I. The analysis of </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Rsa</span></em><span lang="EN-GB">I-RFLP in mtDNA </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">D-loop </span></em><span lang="EN-GB">region of ducks resulted in 1 restriction fragment pattern which can be applied in the identification of duck to differentiate it from goose and muscovy duck. PCR-RFLP analysis duck D-loop mtDNA using </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Alu</span></em><span lang="EN-GB">I and </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Rsa</span></em><span lang="EN-GB">I restriction enzyme resulted in 3 combinations of restriction fragment pattern shown in 3 haplotypes (A, B, and C). Genetic diversity of Indonesian domestic waterfowl population could be identified by using PCR-RFLP analysis on mtDNA </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">D-loop </span></em><span lang="EN-GB">region. So far, there are few results of research on Indonesian domestic waterfowl genetic characteristics based on PCR-RFLP mtDNA D-loop marker. Also, this research has a good contribution on genetic characterization of local duck. The characterization is an important aspect to maintain breed quality and manage the genetic resources of Indonesian germplasm and in facilitating the breeding program. </span><strong></strong></p>