Genetic plasticity and its consequences: perspectives on gene organization and expression in plant mitochondria

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 645-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Bonen ◽  
Gregory G. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Male Sterility ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Plant Mitochondria ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
Gene Organization ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes ◽  
Dna Rearrangements ◽  
Chimeric Genes ◽  
Restorer Genes

Flowering plants have complex mitochondrial genomes that exhibit remarkable plasticity in size and structure. Their recombinogenic nature contributes to a mosaic of DNA sequences, both endogenous and exogenous in origin. This review focuses on the effects that DNA rearrangements have on the organization, structure, and expression of mitochondrial genes in both normal and mutant plants. The association of mitochondrial DNA recombinational events with the phenomenon of cytoplasmic male sterility is highlighted. Key words: chimeric genes, cytoplasmic male sterility, DNA rearrangements, gene expression, genome evolution, mitochondrial genes, nuclear restorer genes.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome sequences and anther development cytology between maintainer and Ogura-type cytoplasm male-sterile cabbage (B. oleracea Var. capitata)

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xionghui Zhong ◽  
Denghui Chen ◽  
Jian Cui ◽  
Hailong Li ◽  
Yuxin Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Cytoplasmic Male Sterility ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Anther Development ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Chimeric Genes ◽  
Tapetal Cells

Abstract Background Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has been widely used for commercial F1 hybrid seeds production. CMS is primarily caused by chimeric genes in mitochondrial genomes. However, which specific stages of anther development in cabbage are affected by the chimeric genes remain unclear. Results In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genomes were sequenced and assembled for the maintainer and Ogura CMS cabbage lines. The genome size of the maintainer and Ogura CMS cabbage are 219,962 bp and 236,648 bp, respectively. There are 67 and 69 unknown function ORFs identified in the maintainer and Ogura CMS cabbage mitochondrial genomes, respectively. Four orfs, orf102a, orf122b, orf138a and orf154a were specifically identified in the Ogura CMS mitochondrial genome, which were likely generated by recombination with Ogura type radish during breeding process. Among them, ORF138a and ORF154a possessed a transmembrane structure, and orf138a was co-transcribed with the atp8 and trnfM genes. orf154a is partially homologous to the ATP synthase subunit 1 (atpA) gene. Both these genes were likely responsible for the CMS phenotype. In addition, cytological sections showed that the abnormal proliferation of tapetal cells might be the immediate cause of cytoplasmic male-sterility in Ogura CMS cabbage lines. RNA-seq results showed that orf138a and orf154a in Ogura CMS might influence transcript levels of genes in energy metabolic pathways. Conclusions The presence of orf138a and orf154a lead to increased of ATPase activity and ATP content by affecting the transcript levels of genes in energy metabolic pathways, which could provide more energy for the abnormal proliferation of tapetal cells. Our data provides new insights into cytoplasmic male-sterility from whole mitochondrial genomes, cytology of anther development and transcriptome data.

Molecular studies of cytoplasmic male sterility in maize

1988 ◽  
Vol 319 (1193) ◽  
pp. 177-185 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Male Sterility ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Bacterial Respiration ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Restorer Genes ◽  
Respiration Of Mitochondria

A few extra genes that are not found in the mitochondria of other organisms are encoded by plant mitochondrial genomes. Current evidence suggests that the cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) trait of maize is due to mitochondrial gene mutations. In the sterile maize (CMS-T) a unique mitochondrial gene, designated urf /13-T, appears to cause CMS and susceptibility to the fungal pathogen Helminthosporium maydis race T, and its pathotoxin, T-toxin. The urf 13-T gene encodes a 13 kDa polypeptide that is located in the mitochondrial membrane. In CMS-T two nuclear restorer genes, Rf 1 and Rf 2, countermand the CMS trait and restore viable pollen production. The Rf 1 locus appears to contribute to pollen restoration by reducing the expression of the 13 kDa protein. The function of the Rf 2 gene is unknown. T-toxin and the insecticide methomyl inhibit respiration of mitochondria from CMS-T but not from other maize cytoplasms. When the urf 13-T gene is transformed into E. coli cells and expressed, bacterial respiration is inhibited by both T-toxin and methomyl. Respiration is not inhibited by these compounds in the absence of the 13 kDa protein or with a truncated version of the protein. These studies indicate that the 13 kDa protein is responsible for conferring sensitivity to T-toxin and methomyl. The male-sterile cytoplasm, CMS-C, contains mutations of the mitochondrial genes atp 9, atp 6 and cox II. These mutations have resulted from rearrangements involving portions of mitochondrial genes and chloroplast DNA. One of these gene mutations may be responsible for CMS; however, we currently have no evidence confirming this possibility. Nevertheless, it is clear that different factors cause male sterility in CMS-T and CMS-C because the urf 13-T gene is only found in CMS-T.

Cloning and characterization of the mitochondrial genes Cox II and atpA from ramie (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud.) and their possible role in cytoplasmic male sterility

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (7) ◽  
pp. 1295-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai-Quan Huang ◽  
Jiu-Dong Liu ◽  
Ji-Qiang Duan ◽  
Xue-Ni Liang ◽  
Fei-Hu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Male Sterility ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chimeric Genes ◽  
Boehmeria Nivea ◽  
Cms Line

Huang, H.-Q., Liu, J.-D., Duan, J.-Q., Liang, X.-N. and Liu, F.-H. 2012. Cloning and characterization of the mitochondrial genes Cox II and atpA from ramie ( Boehmeria nivea (L.)Gaud.) and their possible role in cytoplasmic male sterility. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 1295–1304. In plants, cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is known to be associated with structural changes and the presence of new chimeric genes in mtDNA. In this study, fragments of the Cox II and atpA genes, cloned from mtDNA of three lines (CMS line, its maintainer and restorer lines) of ramie [Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud.], showed homology of 95% for Cox II and 97% for atpA compared with the reference dicotyledons in GenBank. The whole sequences of these two genes were obtained using the DNA walking strategy. Cox II showed no difference among the three lines in sequences of DNA and deduced amino acids. However, atpA from the CMS line obviously differed from that of fertile lines in DNA sequence, amino acid sequence and secondary structure of the predicted protein. Unusually low expression was revealed via RT-PCR for atpA in the CMS line at the budding and late-bloom stages. In conclusion, the variation in DNA sequence and the encoded product, and/or the abnormal expression of atpA in the CMS line, may cause male sterility in ramie.

scholarly journals The comparison of four mitochondrial genomes reveals cytoplasmic male sterility candidate genes in cotton

BMC Genomics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuangshuang Li ◽  
Zhiwen Chen ◽  
Nan Zhao ◽  
Yumei Wang ◽  
Hushuai Nie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Male Sterility ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes

Cytoplasmic male sterility in sorghum: Organization and expression of mitochondrial genes in Indian CMS cytoplasms

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aniruddha P. Sane ◽  
Pravendra Nath ◽  
Prafullachandra V. Sane
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Male Sterility ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes

scholarly journals Mitochondrial genomes organization in alloplasmic lines of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) with various types of cytoplasmic male sterility

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maksim Makarenko ◽  
Igor Kornienko ◽  
Kirill Azarin ◽  
Alexander Usatov ◽  
Maria Logacheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Cytoplasmic Male Sterility ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes ◽  
Alloplasmic Lines ◽  
Cms Line ◽  
Fertile Line

Background. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a common phenotype in higher plants, which often is associated with rearrangements in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and is widely used to produce hybrid seeds in a variety of valuable crop species. The CMS phenomenon investigations are also promote understanding of a fundamental issue of nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions in the ontogeny of higher plants. In the present study, we analyzed the structural changes in mitochondrial genomes of three alloplasmic lines of sunflower (Helianthus annuus). The investigation was focused on CMS line PET2, as there are very few reports about its mtDNA organization. Methods. The NGS sequencing, de novo assembly, and annotation of sunflower mitochondrial genomes were performed. The comparative analysis of mtDNA of HA89 fertile line and two HA89 CMS lines (PET1, PET2) occurred. Results. The mtDNA of the HA89 fertile line was almost identical to the HA412 line (NC_023337). The comparative analysis of HA89 fertile and CMS (PET1) analog mitochondrial genomes revealed 11852 bp inversion, 4732 bp insertion, 451 bp deletion and 18 variant sites. In mtDNA of HA89 (PET2) CMS line 77 kb translocation, 711 bp and 3780 bp deletions, as well as 1558 bp, 5050 bp, 14330 bp insertions were determined. There are also revealed 83 polymorphic sites sites in the PET2 mitochondrial genome, as compared with the fertile line Discussion. Among the revealed rearrangements the 1558 bp insertion resulted in new open reading frames formation - orf228 and orf246. The orf228 and orf246 could be the main reason for the development of PET2 CMS phenotype, whereas the role of other mtDNA reorganizations in CMS formation is negligible.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial genomes organization in alloplasmic lines of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) with various types of cytoplasmic male sterility

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maksim Makarenko ◽  
Igor Kornienko ◽  
Kirill Azarin ◽  
Alexander Usatov ◽  
Maria Logacheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Cytoplasmic Male Sterility ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes ◽  
Alloplasmic Lines ◽  
Cms Line ◽  
Fertile Line

Background. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a common phenotype in higher plants, which often is associated with rearrangements in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and is widely used to produce hybrid seeds in a variety of valuable crop species. The CMS phenomenon investigations are also promote understanding of a fundamental issue of nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions in the ontogeny of higher plants. In the present study, we analyzed the structural changes in mitochondrial genomes of three alloplasmic lines of sunflower (Helianthus annuus). The investigation was focused on CMS line PET2, as there are very few reports about its mtDNA organization. Methods. The NGS sequencing, de novo assembly, and annotation of sunflower mitochondrial genomes were performed. The comparative analysis of mtDNA of HA89 fertile line and two HA89 CMS lines (PET1, PET2) occurred. Results. The mtDNA of the HA89 fertile line was almost identical to the HA412 line (NC_023337). The comparative analysis of HA89 fertile and CMS (PET1) analog mitochondrial genomes revealed 11852 bp inversion, 4732 bp insertion, and 18 variant sites. In mtDNA of HA89 (PET2) CMS line 5050 bp and 5.9 kb insertions, as well as 0.95 kb and 3.8 kb deletions, were determined. There are also revealed 83 polymorphic sites in the PET2 mitochondrial genome, as compared with the fertile line. Discussion. Among the revealed rearrangements the 5.9 kb insertion results in putative orf1053 – coxI-atp6 chimeric protein, which could be the main reason for CMS phenotype development, whereas the role of other mtDNA reorganizations in CMS formation is negligible.

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