Ecological considerations for the use of the nematophagous fungus, Verticillium chlamydosporium, to control plant parasitic nematodes

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (S1) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Kerry
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Nematophagous Fungus ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Verticillium Chlamydosporium

The nematophagous fungus, Verticillium chlamydosporium, has considerable potential as a biological control agent for root-knot nematodes on a range of crops. The fungus is a general facultative parasite that attacks the eggs of several nematode species. The biology of the fungus is reviewed and the need for a detailed understanding of its ecology for its rational use as a biological control agent is highlighted. Isolates of the fungus must colonize the rhizosphere to be effective control agents. Plants differ in their ability to support the fungus and greatest control is achieved on those cultivars that support abundant growth of the fungus but produce only limited galling in response to nematode attack. On such plants, most eggs produced by nematodes are exposed to parasitism by this nematophagous fungus in the rhizosphere. Key words: biological control, nematophagous fungi, root-knot nematodes, Verticillium chlamydosporium.

scholarly journals Possible application of a nematophagous fungus as a biological control agent of parasitic nematodes on commercial sheep farms in South Africa

2002 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Faedo ◽  
R.C. Krecek
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Nematophagous Fungus ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Parasite Control ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Clinical Assay

Biological control of parasitic nematodes of livestock is currently under development and represents another tool that may be integrated into helminth parasite control strategies. This paper presents a brief introduction to commercial sheep farming in South Africa and currently available nematode parasite control methods. These include the FAMACHA(r) clinical assay, strategies of pasture management, dilution of resistant worm species by introduction of susceptible worms, breed resistant sheep and nutritional supplementation. The purpose of this paper is to outline the principles of biological control using nematophagous fungi and how it may be applied on sheep farms in South Africa.

Is Phasmarhabditis papillosa (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) a possible biological control agent against the Spanish slug, Arion vulgaris (Gastropoda: Arionidae)?

Nematology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Žiga Laznik ◽  
Ivana Majić ◽  
Stanislav Trdan ◽  
Antoinette P. Malan ◽  
Annika Pieterse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
First Record ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Arion Vulgaris ◽  
Potential Use

Summary In the period from August to October 2018, 140 specimens of the Spanish slug, Arion vulgaris, were collected from Podbrezje, Slovenia. Slugs were dissected and examined for the presence of parasitic nematodes within the cadavers. Identification of the nematodes was conducted using morphological and molecular techniques and confirmed the presence of Phasmarhabditis papillosa. This is the first record of P. papillosa from the mollusc host, A. vulgaris. Laboratory experiments aimed at testing the efficacy of P. papillosa against A. vulgaris were conducted using nematodes grown in vivo. Nematodes were applied at concentration rates of 50, 100 and 200 nematodes slug−1, respectively. Three weeks following treatment, the mortality of slugs was confirmed in all treatments (50 nematodes slug−1, 37.4 ± 2.7%; 100 nematodes slug−1, 48.4 ± 2.7%; 200 nematodes slug−1, 50.6 ± 2.7%). However, the pathogenesis of P. papillosa was observed first in the treatments with the lowest nematode dose at 4 days after treatments, while a decrease in the feeding behaviour of slugs was noted first in the treatments with the highest nematode dose. Future opportunities for the potential use of P. papillosa as a biological control agent against slugs are discussed. This is the first report of P. papillosa from Slovenia, and of its virulence against A. vulgaris.

Biological control of sciarid and phorid pests of mushroom with predatory mites from the genus Hypoaspis (Acari: Hypoaspidae) and the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jess ◽  
J.F.W. Bingham
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Predatory Mites ◽  
Mite Species ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mushroom Compost

AbstractIn small-scale experiments, the predatory mites, Hypoaspis aculeifer (Canestrini) and H. miles Berlese, applied at 700 mites m−2, and the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) applied at 3 × 10−6 nematodes m−2 controlled sciarids and phorids in mushroom compost and casing substrates. For both mite species, earliest application to the growing substrate following sciarid infestation reduced sciarid emergence. In contrast, later application of each biological control agent provided more effective control of phorid emergence. The behaviour of adult mites suggested that H. aculeifer were more positively geotactic than H. miles although both species could penetrate compost and casing substrates to a depth of 2–12 cm. A majority of S. feltiae nematodes resided at a depth of 2–4 cm in both substrate types. Independent application of H. aculeifer provided more comprehensive control of sciarids and phorids than the other biological agents studied, owing to its better dispersal within compost and casing, and ability to attack larvae of differing ages.

scholarly journals Water vole Arvicola amphibius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Arvicolidae) as an agent of biological control of a tree snail Arianta arbustorum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Helicidae)

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
Евгений Викторович Шиков
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Russian Plain ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Water Vole ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Arvicola Amphibius ◽  
Arianta Arbustorum

Древесная улитка Arianta arbustorum, в последние десятилетия распространившаяся в центре Русской равнины, стала опасным вредителем сельского хозяйства. Заселяя природные биотопы, она вытесняет аборигенные виды как растений, так и моллюсков. Эффективные меры борьбы с A. arbustorum не разработаны. Даётся оценка жизнедеятельности водяной полёвки Arvicola amphibius по отношению к древесной улитке. Плотность A. arbustorum в саду около нор водяной полёвки 2433 экз/м2, а на удалении 5 метров от нор - 5231 экз/м2. Разница статистически достоверна. Показано, что поедание водяной полёвкой древесных улиток локально снижает их плотность. Водяная полёвка выступает как природный агент биологического контроля A. arbustorum, поддерживающий видовое многообразие в природе. Установлено, что осенью 65% всех взрослых A. arbustorum закапываются в землю, и уже недоступны для поедания водяными полёвками. Кормовые запасы водяной полёвки на зиму из моркови и картофеля обнаружены в 45 м от ближайшего огорода. The Wood snail Arianta arbustorum, which in recent decades has spread in the center of the Russian Plain, has become a dangerous pest of agriculture. Settling natural biotopes, it crowds out indigenous species of both plants and mollusks. Effective control measures against A. arbustorum have not been developed. Here we assess the activity of the water vole Arvicola amphibius in relation to the Wood snail. The density of A. arbustorum in the garden near the water vole burrows is 2433 ind./m2, while at a distance of 5 meters from the burrows it becomes 5231 ind./ m2. The difference is statistically significant. Water vole eating wood snails locally reduce their density. Voles thus act as a natural biological control agent of A. arbustorum, preserving species diversity. In the fall around 65% of A. arbustorum adults burrow into the ground and are no longer available for water voles. Winter fodder stocks of a Water vole with carrots and potatoes were found 45 m from the nearest garden.

scholarly journals Natural variation in chemoattraction in the gastropod parasitic nematodes Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, P. neopapillosa and P. californica exposed to slug mucus

Nematology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 479-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Andrus ◽  
Robbie Rae
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Natural Isolates ◽  
Volatile Cues ◽  
Phasmarhabditis Hermaphrodita

Summary Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita is a lethal parasite of several slug species and has been formulated into a biological control agent for farmers and gardeners. Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita responds to slug faeces, mucus and volatile cues to find hosts in soil. However, these results have only focused on one strain of P. hermaphrodita (DMG0001). We exposed four strains of P. hermaphrodita (and DMG0001), three strains of P. neopapillosa and two strains of P. californica to mucus from seven common slug species. Furthermore, we investigated whether there was a relationship between chemoattraction and the numbers of offspring that were produced on each host species. Natural isolates of P. hermaphrodita differed in their preference of slug species whereas P. neopapillosa tended to prefer Arion sp. and strains of P. californica displayed striking differences in their responses. The reasons for positive chemoattraction to mucus were not due to higher numbers of offspring produced on these hosts.

scholarly journals Exposure of Toxocara canis eggs to Purpureocillium lilacinum as a biocontrol strategy: an experimental model evaluation

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando de Souza Maia Filho ◽  
Anelise de Oliveira da Silva Fonseca ◽  
Júlia de Souza Silveira Valente ◽  
Cristiane Telles Baptista ◽  
Andrios da Silva Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Toxocara Canis ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Nematophagous Fungus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fungal Exposure ◽  
Purpureocillium Lilacinum ◽  
Larval Recovery

Abstract Purpureocillium lilacinum is a nematophagous fungus used in biological control against some parasites, including Toxocara canis. This study researched the infectivity of embryonated T. canis eggs after exposure to the fungus P. lilacinum. T. canis eggs were exposed to P. lilacinum for 15 or 30 days and subsequently administered to Swiss mice (n=20). Control group consisted of mice who received T. canis embryonated eggs without fungal exposure. Forty-eight hours after infection, heart, lung, and liver from animals of each group were collected to assess larval recovery. The organs of mice that received embryonated eggs exposed to the fungus showed a lower average larval recovery (P<0.05) suggesting that exposure of T. canis eggs to P. lilacinum was able to reduce experimental infection. Under the evaluated conditions, the interaction time between the fungus and the parasite eggs was not a significant factor in larvae recovery. P. lilacinum may be considered a promising T. canis biological control agent. However, further studies are needed to determine a protocol for the use of this fungus as a biological control agent.

Simplicillium chinense: a biological control agent against plant parasitic nematodes

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 980-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Di Zhao ◽  
Bin Liu ◽  
Ling Yu Li ◽  
Xiao Feng Zhu ◽  
Yuan Yuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic
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