Geographic structure in two highly diverse lineages of Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae)

Botany ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (7) ◽  
pp. 641-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Granados Mendoza ◽  
Xochitl Granados-Aguilar ◽  
Sabina Donadío ◽  
Gerardo A. Salazar ◽  
María Flores-Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Size Composition ◽  
Central American ◽  
South American ◽  
Infrageneric Classification ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Geographic Structure ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
American Clade

The Neotropical genus Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae) is an excellent model system for macroevolutionary and biogeographic studies owing to its remarkable species diversity (ca. 650 spp.) and varied morphological and ecological adaptations to epiphytic and saxicolous habitats. Recent phylogenetic studies have greatly improved our knowledge about generic limits and infrageneric classification of Tillandsia. These studies have identified two clades of Tillandsia characterized by a distinct geographic distribution: (i) a North and Central American clade that includes species from subgenus Tillandsia; and (ii) a central South American clade containing species from subgenera Aerobia, Anoplophytum, Diaphoranthema, and Phytarrhiza. Our study aimed to determine the size, composition, and potential geographic structure of these two clades within the context of a global phylogeny of Tillandsioideae. With the addition of 100 newly sequenced species to previous studies to cover the now ca. 30% of the known species diversity of Tillandsia, our analyses found both clades to be strongly supported, and revealed that their species richness is much greater than previously known. Ancestral area estimation suggests that most of the diversification of the first of these clades took place in North and Central America, whereas within the second, most of the migratory events occurred from the Andes to the Brazilian shield.

Taxonomic status of Andersen’s fruit-eating bat (Artibeus jamaicensis aequatorialis) and revised classification of Artibeus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2648 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER A. LARSEN ◽  
MARÍA R. MARCHÁN-RIVADENEIRA ◽  
ROBERT J. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Species Level ◽  
South American ◽  
Reciprocal Monophyly ◽  
Dna Variation ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Artibeus Jamaicensis ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies

Fruit-eating bats of the genus Artibeus are widely distributed across the Neotropics and are one of the most recently evolved assemblages of the family Phyllostomidae. Although the taxonomy and systematics of species of Artibeus has been the subject of an intense historical debate, the most current taxonomic arrangements recognize approximately eleven species within the genus. However, recent phylogenetic studies indicate that species diversity within South and Middle American populations of Artibeus is underestimated. South American populations referable to A. jamaicensis aequatorialis are of considerable interest because previous studies of mitochondrial DNA variation identified potential species level variation west of the Andes Mountains. In this study we use morphometric and genetic data (nuclear AFLPs) to investigate the taxonomic status of A. j. aequatorialis. Our results indicate that elevating aequatorialis to species level is appropriate based on statistically supported reciprocal monophyly in mitochondrial and nuclear datasets and diagnostic morphological characters. In light of our results, and of those presented elsewhere, we provide a revised classification of the genus.

scholarly journals Time calibrated tree of Dioscorea (Dioscoreaceae) indicate four origins of yams in the Neotropics since the Eocene

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo S. Couto ◽  
Aline C. Martins ◽  
Mônica Bolson ◽  
Rosana C. Lopes ◽  
Eric C. Smidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Central American ◽  
South American ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Infrageneric Classification ◽  
Isthmus Of Panama ◽  
Taxonomic Implications ◽  
First Time ◽  
Dense Sampling

ABSTRACTThe yam genus Dioscorea comprises circa 650 species of tropical vines with starch rich tubers, usefull as an energy source and often containing secondary metabolites. The Neotropical Region holds the highest diversity of species and morphology of yams. We generated a time-calibrated tree for Dioscorea using, for the first time, a dense sampling of Neotropical species (64 sp., 20% of all Neotropical sp. and 22 sections) to trace the biogeography of these plants in this region. Four origins of Dioscorea in the neotropics were estimated since the Eocene. The two most diverse lineages originated between the Eocene and Oligocene, respectively in the Southern Andes and eastern South America. Both lineages occupied the South American ‘Dry Diagonal’ after the Miocene, but New World II clade remained associated with forest habitats. Several exchanges between Dry Diagonal and adjacent forested biomes occurred, corroborating the interchange between these vegetation types. Dispersals to Central America occurred before the closure of the Panama Isthmus. We highlight two important events of long distance dispersal, the colonization of Central American before the closure of Isthmus of Panama and the dispersal of D. antaly lineage to Madagascar. In addition, our phylogenetic tree evidenced the unnatural nature of the classical infrageneric classification of Dioscorea. The taxonomic implications of our results are also discussed.

scholarly journals What does mitogenomics tell us about the evolutionary history of the Drosophila buzzatii cluster (repleta group)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolás N. Moreyra ◽  
Julián Mensch ◽  
Juan Hurtado ◽  
Francisca Almeida ◽  
Cecilia Laprida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
South American ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Drosophila Buzzatii ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tree Topologies ◽  
American Clade

AbstractThe Drosophila repleta group is an array of more than 100 cactophilic species endemic to the “New World”. The acquisition of the ability to utilize decaying cactus tissues as breeding and feeding sites is a key aspect that allowed the successful diversification of the repleta group in the American deserts. Within this group, the Drosophila buzzatii cluster is a South American clade of seven cactophilic closely related species in different stages of divergence, a feature that makes it a valuable model system for evolutionary research. However, even though substantial effort has been devoted to elucidating the phylogenetic relationships among members of the D. buzzatii cluster, the issue is still controversial. In effect, molecular phylogenetic studies performed to date generated ambiguous results since tree topologies depend on the kind of molecular marker employed. Curiously, even though mitochondrial DNA has become a popular marker in evolutionary biology and population genetics, none of the more than twenty Drosophila mitogenomes assembled so far belongs to this cluster. In this work we report the assembly of six complete mitogenomes of five species: D. antonietae, D. borborema, D. buzzatii, D. seriema and two strains of D. koepferae, with the aim to revisit the phylogenetic relationships and divergence times by means of a mitogenomic approach. The recovered topology using complete mitogenomes gives support to the hypothesis of the monophyly of that the D. buzzatii cluster and shows two main clades, one including D. buzzatii and D. koepferae (both strains) and the other the remaining species. These results are in agreement with previous reports based on a few mitochondrial and/or nuclear genes but in conflict with the results of a recent large-scale nuclear phylogeny, suggesting that nuclear and mitochondrial genomes depict different evolutionary histories.

scholarly journals Systematic considerations on two species of nectarivorous bats (Anoura caudifer and A. geoffroyi) based on barcoding sequences

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-201
Author(s):  
Andrés Felipe Vargas Arboleda ◽  
Sebastían Cuadrado-Rios ◽  
Hugo Mantilla-Meluk
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Central American ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Isthmus Of Panama ◽  
Geographic Structure ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Ecological Complexity

As a product of recent revisions of the nectivore bat genus Anoura (Glossophaginae: Anourina), new species have been described, and several taxa have been elevated to the specific level in the so-called Anoura caudifer and A. geoffroyi species complexes in the last four decades. The genus has a wide distribution across regions of high ecological complexity, including geographic features, such as the Andes and the Isthmus of Panamá, previously identified as natural barriers that restrict gene flow in other phyllostomid bat genera. Up to date, no analyses have been conducted to investigate the contribution of biogeographic factors on the genetic divergence of the genus. In this work, we analyze barcoding DNA sequences (cytochrome oxidase subunit I, COI) to test for geographic structure among Central and South American populations of the A. caudifer and A. geoffroyi complexes. Our analyses show geographic structure for populations previously identified as the A. geoffroyi lasiopyga, suggesting an independent evolutionary fate for Central American representatives of the genus. We also highlight the presence of unrecognized diversity within the A. caudifer complex from the Pacific coast of northern Ecuador.

scholarly journals ZAMIA (ZAMIACEAE) PHENOLOGY IN A PHYLOGENETIC CONTEXT: DOES IN SITU REPRODUCTIVE TIMING CORRELATE WITH ANCESTRY?

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. R. Clugston ◽  
M. P. Griffith ◽  
G. J. Kenicer ◽  
C. E. Husby ◽  
M. A. Calonje ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Central American ◽  
Reproductive Phenology ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
South American ◽  
Phenological Data ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
Conservation Concern ◽  
American Clade

The Cycadales are a group of significant global conservation concern and have the highest extinction risk of all seed plants. Understanding the synchronisation of reproductive phenology of Cycadales may be useful for conservation by enabling the targeting of pollen and seed collection from wild populations and identifying the window of fertilisation to aid in the cultivation of Cycadales. Phenological data for 11 species of Zamia were gathered from herbarium specimens. Four phenological characters were coded with monthly character states. DNA was isolated and sequenced for 26S, CAB, NEEDLY, matK and rbcL, and a simultaneous phylogenetic analysis of phenology and DNA sequence data was carried out. Three major clades were recovered: a Caribbean clade, a Central American clade and a South American clade. Eight species showed statistically significant synchronisation in microsporangiate and ovulate phenological phases, indicating the time of fertilisation. Close reproductive synchronisation was consistently observed throughout the Caribbean clade (statistically significant in four of five species) but was less consistent in the Central American clade (statistically significant in one of two species) and South American clade (statistically significant in three of four species). Ultimately, phenology is shown to be a potential driver of speciation in some clades of Zamia and in others to be a potential barrier to hybridisation.

scholarly journals Advances in the phylogeny of the South American cool-season grass genus Chascolytrum (Poaceae, Pooideae): a new infrageneric classification

2019 ◽  
Vol 192 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Nogueira Da Silva ◽  
Liliana Essi ◽  
João Ricardo Vieira Iganci ◽  
Tatiana Teixeira De Souza-Chies
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Infrageneric Classification ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Cool Season Grass

Abstract Chascolytrum, as currently circumscribed, includes 22–23 South American species that were previously included in nine different genera (Chascolytrum, Briza, Poidium, Calotheca, Microbriza, Gymnachne, Rhombolytrum, Lombardochloa and Erianthecium). Due to the remarkable morphological diversity, the relationships in Chascolytrum s.l. have remained poorly understood, and no infrageneric classification could be proposed based on the latest molecular phylogenetic studies. In this study, we combined molecular (GBSSI, trnL-trnL-trnF and rps16 intron) and morphological characters to investigate the phylogenetic relationships in Chascolytrum s.l. Based on this, morphologically diagnosable clades were recognized as eight sections (Calotheca, Chascolytrum, Hildaea, Lombardochloa, Microbriza, Obovatae, Poidium and Tricholemma), of which three are new and three are monospecific. We describe each section and discuss the new infrageneric classification in comparison with the previous infrageneric classification proposed for the group under the genus Briza. A taxonomic key and images for most of the species in each section are provided. Last, the use of single-copy nuclear genes and morphological data for future phylogenetic reconstructions encompassing Chascolytrum is highlighted.

Kieslingia chilensis (Asteraceae: Astereae), a new genus and species from northern Chile

Phytotaxa ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 177 (5) ◽  
pp. 280
Author(s):  
Patricio Saldivia ◽  
LUIS FAÚNDEZ ◽  
ALICIA MARTICORENA ◽  
JOSÉ L. PANERO
Keyword(s):  
New Genus ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
South American ◽  
Northern Chile ◽  
New Genus And Species ◽  
Environmental Features ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic

Kieslingia chilensis, a new genus and species of tribe Astereae (Asteraceae) from northern Chile restricted to the Huasco river basin of the Andes pre-mountain Range in the Atacama region is described and illustrated. The combination of its diagnostic characters including discoid homogamous capitula, alveolate epaleate receptacles, and deeply trifid leaves, is not found in any other species of South American Astereae.  An ITS phylogenic analysis placed Kieslingia chilensis within subtribe Hinterhuberinae, and sister to the genus Guynesomia, also endemic to Chile.  The morphological characteristics of Kieslingia chilensis are compared and contrasted to sister taxa as identified by the molecular phylogenetic studies and the environmental features of the area where the species is found are discussed.  A key to distinguish Kieslingia from other Astereae genera of northern Chile is given.  Based on IUCN criteria and categories we assign the Endangered (EN) category to Kieslingia chilensis.

scholarly journals Shifts in diversification rates linked to biogeographic movement into new areas, an example of disparate continental distributions and a recent radiation in the Andes

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Uribe-Convers ◽  
David C Tank
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Geographic Environment ◽  
American Clade

Premise of the study: Clade specific bursts in diversification are often associated with the evolution of key innovations. However, in groups with no obvious morphological innovations, observed upticks in diversification rates have also been attributed to the colonization of a new geographic environment. In this study, we explore the systematics, diversification dynamics, and historical biogeography of the plant clade Rhinantheae in the Orobanchaceae, with a special focus on the Andean clade of the genus Bartsia L.. Methods: We sampled taxa from across Rhinantheae, including a representative sample of Andean Bartsia species. Using standard phylogenetic methods, we reconstructed evolutionary relationships, inferred divergence times among the clades of Rhinantheae, elucidated their biogeographic history, and investigated diversification dynamics. Key results: We confirmed that the South American Bartsia species form a highly supported monophyletic group. The median crown age of Rhinantheae was determined to be ca. 30 Ma, and Europe played an important role in the biogeographic history of the lineages. South America was first reconstructed in the biogeographic analyses around 9 Ma, and with a median age of 2.59 Ma, this clade shows a significant uptick in diversification. Conclusions: Increased net diversification of the South American clade corresponds with biogeographic movement into the New World. This happened at a time when the Andes were reaching the necessary elevation to host an alpine environment. Although a specific route could not be identified with certainty, we provide plausible hypotheses to how the group colonized the New World.

The triad of knowledge: Systematic, diversity and conservation status of the Mexican species of Tabernaemontana (Apocynaceae; Rauvolfioideae: tribe Tabernaemontaneae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 388 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
LEONARDO O. ALVARADO-CÁRDENAS ◽  
LUCIO LOZADA-PÉREZ ◽  
JOSELIN CADENA R. ◽  
SOFIA ISLAS-HERNÁNDEZ ◽  
C. RAMIRO MARTÍNEZ-GONZÁLEZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Central American ◽  
South American ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Tropical Flora ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
Kriging Approach ◽  
Mexican Species

In this study, we update the systematics of the Tabernaemontana and describe the general patterns of species diversity and conservation status in Mexico. A total of 18 species were registered, including one cultivated species, two new species described here (T. chamelensis L.O. Alvarado & Lozada-Pérez and T. ochoterenae L.O. Alvarado & S. Islas), and eight species endemic to Mexico, which in total represents 47% of the diversity of the genus in the country. The states of Chiapas, Oaxaca, and Veracruz had the highest species diversity in native and endemic species. A map based on the kriging approach and the sums of species distribution models corroborate the sites of high diversity. A comparison among American countries showed that Central American countries share more specific similarity than South American ones. A risk evaluation showed that six species are under threat, mainly the endemic species. This exercise demonstrated that this genus is an interesting model to understand the biogeography, evolution, and affinities of the tropical flora of the Americas. Our work provides a basis for a deeper study of the biogeography and biology of the members of genus Tabernaemontana.

Unraveling the species diversity and relationships in the Leptodactylus mystaceus complex (Anura: Leptodactylidae), with the description of three new Brazilian species

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4779 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEANDRO A. DA SILVA ◽  
FELIPE M. MAGALHÃES ◽  
HANS THOMASSEN ◽  
FELIPE S. F. LEITE ◽  
ADRIAN A. GARDA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Species Discrimination ◽  
Nominal Species ◽  
South American ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Three New Species

Members of the Leptodactylus mystaceus species complex are widely distributed in forests and open formations of South America east of the Andes. Species of the complex are morphologically similar or indistinguishable among each other, but acoustic data have been the cornerstone for species discrimination across their geographic ranges. In this paper, we re-examine the monophyly, species diversity, and relationships in the L. mystaceus complex on the basis of morphology, coloration, acoustics, and DNA sequences. Morphological and color patterns originally used to the allocation of species to the L. mystaceus complex are also reassessed. Our results revealed three new species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and Cerrado, which are named and described herein, based mainly on acoustic and molecular data. Populations assigned to the lineage widely distributed across the South American Dry Diagonal (DD), reported in this study as L. cf. mystaceus, is likely paraphyletic with respect to the nominal species (Amazonian lineage), but additional data are still needed to address the taxonomic status of the DD lineage. 

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