Evaluating a multi-generational reintroduction program for threatened salmon using genetic parentage analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 844-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa L. Evans ◽  
Marc A. Johnson ◽  
Dave Jacobson ◽  
Jinliang Wang ◽  
Michael Hogansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Parentage Analysis ◽  
The South ◽  
Mature Adult ◽  
Wild Salmon ◽  
Willamette River ◽  
Old Adult ◽  
Population Demographic

Dams, utilized for hydroelectric or flood control purposes, obstruct organism dispersal and have contributed to the decline of many migratory fish populations. For threatened Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Willamette River Basin in Oregon, human-assisted reintroductions are being used to facilitate dispersal to historical habitats located above dams. However, little is known about the reproductive outcomes of reintroduced individuals or the efficacy of reintroductions towards the goal of population demographic viability. Using genetic parentage assignments to 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old adult recruits, we estimated the fitness of hatchery and wild Chinook salmon reintroduced above Foster Dam on the South Santiam River, a tributary of the Willamette River. Our parentage assignments indicated that the fitness of reintroduced salmon was highly variable, with individuals producing a range of 0–40 adult progeny. We also detected a possible trend towards reduced fitness in mate pairs composed of hatchery versus wild salmon. For each of three brood years (2007, 2008, 2009), adult offspring recruitment achieved or exceeded population replacement. We observed the highest cohort replacement rate in 2009, the first year that managers aimed to release wild salmon solely above the dam. Taken together, our results suggest that human-assisted reintroductions of mature adult salmon to historical spawning habitats are a promising method of restoring natural production in populations affected by dams. Moreover, the continued used of wild fish in reintroduction operations may improve population productivity and the prospect of recovery within the South Santiam River.

Factors influencing the relative fitness of hatchery and wild spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Wenatchee River, Washington, USA

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 1840-1851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin S. Williamson ◽  
Andrew R. Murdoch ◽  
Todd N. Pearsons ◽  
Eric J. Ward ◽  
Michael J. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Parentage Analysis ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Relative Fitness ◽  
Male Fitness ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Management And Conservation ◽  
Older Males

Understanding the relative fitness of naturally spawning hatchery fish compared with wild fish has become an important issue in the management and conservation of salmonids. We used a DNA-based parentage analysis to measure the relative reproductive success of hatchery- and natural-origin spring Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) in the natural environment. Size and age had a large influence on male fitness, with larger and older males producing more offspring than smaller or younger individuals. Size had a significant effect on female fitness, but the effect was smaller than on male fitness. For both sexes, run time had a smaller but still significant effect on fitness, with earlier returning fish favored. Spawning location within the river had a significant effect on fitness for both sexes. Hatchery-origin fish produced about half the juvenile progeny per parent when spawning naturally than did natural-origin fish. Hatchery fish tended to be younger and return to lower areas of the watershed than wild fish, which explained some of their lower fitness.

scholarly journals Juvenile life-history diversity and population stability of spring Chinook salmon in the Willamette River basin, Oregon

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 921-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kirk Schroeder ◽  
Luke D. Whitman ◽  
Brian Cannon ◽  
Paul Olmsted
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Juvenile Salmon ◽  
Population Stability ◽  
Willamette River ◽  
June July ◽  
Willamette River Basin

Migratory and rearing pathways of juvenile spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were documented in the Willamette River basin to identify life histories and estimate their contribution to smolt production and population stability. We identified six primary life histories that included two phenotypes for early migratory tactics: fry that migrated up to 140–200 km shortly after emergence (movers) and fish that reared for 8–16 months in natal areas (stayers). Peak emigration of juvenile salmon from the Willamette River was in June–July (subyearling smolts), March–May (yearling smolts), and November–December (considered as “autumn smolts”). Alternative migratory behaviors of juvenile salmon were associated with extensive use of diverse habitats that eventually encompassed up to 400 rkm of the basin, including tributaries in natal areas and large rivers. Juvenile salmon that reared in natal reaches and migrated as yearlings were the most prevalent life history and had the lowest temporal variability. However, the total productivity of the basin was increased by the contribution of fish with dispersive life histories, which represented over 50% of the total smolt production. Life-history diversity reduced the variability in the total smolt population by 35% over the weighted mean of individual life histories, providing evidence of a considerable portfolio effect through the asynchronous contributions of life histories. Protecting and restoring a diverse suite of connected habitats in the Willamette River basin will promote the development and expression of juvenile life histories, thereby providing stability and resilience to native salmon populations.

scholarly journals Identifying the contribution of wild and hatchery Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to the ocean fishery using otolith microstructure as natural tags

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 1683-1692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Barnett-Johnson ◽  
Churchill B Grimes ◽  
Chantell F Royer ◽  
Christopher J Donohoe
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Otolith Microstructure ◽  
Exogenous Feeding ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Wild Salmon ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Mixed Stock

Quantifying the contribution of wild (naturally spawned) and hatchery Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to the mixed-stock ocean fishery is critical to understanding their relative importance to the persistence of salmon stocks. The inability to distinguish hatchery and wild salmon has inhibited the detection of declines or recoveries for many wild populations. By using Chinook salmon of known hatchery and wild origin, we established a baseline for separating these two sources using otolith microstructure. Otoliths of wild salmon contained a distinct exogenous feeding check likely reflecting an abrupt transition in food resources from maternal yolk not experienced by fish reared in hatcheries. Daily growth increments in otoliths from hatchery salmon immediately after the onset of exogenous feeding were wider and more uniform in width than those in wild fish. The discriminant function that we used to distinguish individuals reared in hatcheries or in the wild was robust between years (1999 and 2002), life history stages (juveniles and adults), and geographic regions (California, British Columbia, and Alaska) and classified fish with ~91% accuracy. Results from our mixed-stock model estimated that the contribution of wild fish was 10% ± 6%, indicating hatchery supplementation may be playing a larger role in supporting the central California coastal fishery than previously assumed.

Genetic Relationships among Populations of Alaskan Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Gharrett ◽  
S. M. Shirley ◽  
G. R. Tromble
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
The South ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Starch Gel

Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) collected from 13 Alaskan drainages were genetically characterized at 28 protein coding loci using starch–gel electrophoresis. Chinook salmon in western Alaska are generally quite similar to each other but are distinct from the more diverse southeastern Alaskan populations. Genetic compositions of southeastern Alaskan populations are generally intermediate between those of western Alaska and previously studied non-Alaskan populations to the south. Given that chinook salmon survived the Wisconsin glaciation in both the Bering and Pacific refuges, we propose that chinook salmon from both refuges participated in the post-Wisconsin colonization of southeastern Alaskan rivers.

Using parentage analysis to estimate rates of straying and homing in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 1109-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Ford ◽  
Andrew Murdoch ◽  
Michael Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Parentage Analysis

Ecological and genetic risks arising from reproductive interactions between wild and farmed Chinook salmon

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 1691-1698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Lehnert ◽  
John W. Heath ◽  
Daniel D. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Fertilization Success ◽  
Ecological Risks ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Wild Salmon ◽  
Genetic Risks ◽  
Xx Males

Escapes from aquaculture sites may threaten wild populations through ecological risks such as reproductive interference and genetic risks through successful hybridization. Mating studies examining wild–farmed interactions should quantify fertilization and reproductive success separately through genotyping of eggs and fry, respectively, to estimate ecological and genetic risks. We examined fertilization and reproductive success (fry survival to 158 and 201 days) of farmed (XY and XX males) and wild Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) males in competitive seminatural spawning channels with farmed females. XY and XX farmed males did not differ in fertilization and reproductive success. Farmed and wild males exhibited no difference in fertilization success; however, farmed males experienced significantly lower reproductive success relative to wild owing to differences in egg-to-fry survival because of competition with wild-sired offspring. Therefore, farmed males pose ecological risk to wild populations by removing reproductive opportunities from wild males, potentially reducing wild salmon productivity. However, low survival of farm-sired offspring will reduce further opportunities for interbreeding between wild and farm-raised fish. Nevertheless, research is needed to further quantify these genetic impacts.

Differential north–south response of juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) marine growth to ecosystem change in the eastern Bering Sea, 1974–2010

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen M Yasumiishi ◽  
Edward V Farley ◽  
Jacek Maselko ◽  
Kerim Y Aydin ◽  
Kelly A Kearney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Bering Sea ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
The South ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
The North ◽  
Eastern Bering Sea ◽  
Juvenile Chinook ◽  
North And South ◽  
Summer Growth

Abstract Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Salmonidae) returns to western Alaska were historically high and variable but recently reached record lows. Understanding the differential influence of climatic and oceanic conditions on the growth of juvenile Chinook salmon in the north and south eastern Bering Sea is key to understanding mechanisms and factors affecting the production dynamics of Chinook salmon from western Alaska and the Arctic. Summer growth was lower and more variable among years for Chinook salmon in the south than the north eastern Bering Sea. Summer growth decreased with a rise in sea temperatures in the north and south and increased with more sea ice coverage and a later time of ice retreat in the south but not in the north. Capelin (Mallotus villosus), an important prey for juvenile Chinook salmon in the north and during cold years may link increased growth to cooler sea temperatures. Reduced and more variable summer growth of juvenile Chinook salmon from the eastern Bering Sea with warming may have implications on overwintering survival.

Olfactory Discrimination of Natural Waters by Salmon

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2111-2121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoshi Oshima ◽  
William E. Hahn ◽  
Aubrey Gorbman
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Olfactory Responses ◽  
Old Adult ◽  
Water Response

Three sets of experiments are described, all based on the electrical responses recorded in the olfactory bulb of salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and O. kisutch) when various natural waters, or modified natural waters, were infused into the nostril.In the first experiments it was found that, generally, the most vigorous response was evoked by the home spawning area water and relatively less vigorous responses were evoked by waters in which the tested salmon had never been. However, an exceptional situation was found in which a strange water (Issaquah River) evoked olfactory responses in Soos Creek and University of Washington salmon that could not be distinguished from the home water response.Chinook salmon that had been reared in a freshwater hatchery for 2 years and then placed in sea water for 2 weeks retained their home water response in sea water. Placing chinook salmon in a small volume of fresh water, which had previously evoked only a slight bulbar electroencephalographic (EEG) response, rendered the water highly stimulatory. Keeping coho salmon under the same conditions did not make the water as stimulatory.Two-year-old adult chinook salmon placed in a new environmental water that was relatively weakly stimulatory at first developed a bulbar EEG response to the novel water in 3 days that was not distinguishable from the home water response.

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