scholarly journals Correction: Managing plantation density through initial spacing and commercial thinning: yield results from a 60-year-old red pine spacing trial experiment

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Nelson Thiffault ◽  
Michael K. Hoepting ◽  
Jeff Fera ◽  
Jean-Martin Lussier ◽  
Guy R. Larocque
Keyword(s):  
Red Pine ◽  
Commercial Thinning ◽  
Initial Spacing ◽  
Plantation Density

A growth model based on the self-thinning rule

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 330-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Smith ◽  
D. W. Hann
Keyword(s):  
Relative Density ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
The Self ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Dynamic Component ◽  
Stand Growth ◽  
Initial Spacing ◽  
Crown Closure

A two-staged stand growth model is developed to describe the relationship between biomass or volume and numbers of stems in even-aged, monospecific plant populations undergoing self-thinning. The model is tested on red alder (Alnusrubra Bong.) seedlings and red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) stands grown over a range of site qualities and initial spacings. First, survival rate is modelled as a Weibull distribution. This is then fit to an analytical size–density model to give growth estimates. Crown closure is estimated to occur at a relative density of 0.09 for red alder, while initial mortality is estimated to occur at a relative density of 0.12 for red pine. Net stand growth rates peaked at a relative density of 0.54 for red alder biomass and from relative densities from 0.40 (widest initial spacing) to 0.55 (densest initial spacing) for red pine total stem volume. Site quality merely shifted the magnitude of these relationships. The model adds a dynamic component to the self-thinning rule and also generalizes and extends the rule to stand development between crown closure and the self-thinning asymptote.

scholarly journals Stand and Tree Response to Commercial Thinning of Red Pine in Michigan

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1180-1193
Author(s):  
Gary W. Wyckoff ◽  
Dwight K. Lauer
Keyword(s):  
Red Pine ◽  
Commercial Thinning

scholarly journals Spacing and Age Effects on Biomass Production in Red Pine Plantations

1982 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 220-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Alemdag ◽  
W. M. Stiell
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Drying Procedures ◽  
Initial Spacing ◽  
Whole Tree

Data and wood samples were collected from 155 trees in 16 high-survival, unthinned plantations of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) near Chalk River, Ontario, aged 27 to 54 years, with initial spacings of from 1.52 × 1.52 m to 4.27 × 4.27 m. Following standard weighing and drying procedures, ovendry mass values of the whole tree and or their individual components were calculated, and regressions developed to relate mass values to stem dimensions of diameter breast height (d) and total height (h), and to determine what effects the initial spacing and stand age had on those relations. Single-tree equations based simply on d and h gave satisfactory mass estimates only for the whole tree and for the component stem bark. For other components the addition of spacing and age showed successive improvements in the estimates over those provided by d2h alone.

Pinus resinosa product potential following initial spacing and subsequent thinning

2001 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Penner ◽  
C. Robinson ◽  
D. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Thinning Intensity ◽  
Utility Pole ◽  
Volume Production ◽  
Initial Spacing ◽  
High Utility ◽  
Time Required

A trial was initiated in 1953 to investigate the effect of initial tree spacing on red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) volume production. Approximately three decades later, in 1982, thinning treatments were added to compare the effects of thinning and initial spacing on volume production. After 45 growing seasons from planting, total volume production (cut + standing volume) mainly was independent of initial spacing and thinning intensity except at the widest (4.3 m +) spacing treatments. Both initial spacing and thinning affected quadratic mean diameter, standing volume and basal area. Knot size was affected by initial spacing with trees at an initial spacing of 3.0 m or wider having a significant number of stems failing to meet utility pole standards due to excessive, large knots. At the time of sampling, 1998, the higher initial densities (1.2 and 1.5 m-spacing) were undergoing significant mortality and falling behind the lower initial spacings in terms of total volume production. In addition, trees at the narrowest spacing were more prone to snow and ice damage. Thinning reduced the time required to meet sawlog and utility pole specifications. The initial spacings ranging from 1.8 to 2.4 m resulted in good growth with high utility pole potential and little mortality. Lower initial spacings required thinning to prevent mortality and maintain good diameter growth. Key words: red pine, density management, volume production, product mixtures

scholarly journals Managing plantation density through initial spacing and commercial thinning: Yield results from a 60-year-old red pine spacing trial experiment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Thiffault ◽  
Michael K. Hoepting ◽  
Jeff Fera ◽  
Jean-Martin Lussier ◽  
Guy R. Larocque
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Stand Volume ◽  
Quadratic Mean ◽  
Commercial Thinning ◽  
Volume Yield ◽  
Volume Production ◽  
Initial Spacing ◽  
Quadratic Mean Diameter ◽  
Common Target

We report on a 60-year-old Pinus resinosa spacing trial experiment located in Ontario (Canada) that included the combinations between six initial spacings (from 1.2–3.0 m) and the presence/absence of a commercial thinning (CT) regime, and their impacts on quadratic mean diameter (QMD) and stand volume yield. The CT regime, initiated at age 30, targeted a residual basal area (BA) of 38 m2 ha-1 after each of four entries. Without thinning, as initial spacing increased, QMD increased; gross and net volume production peaked in the 2.1–2.4 m spacings. With thinning, similar trends with spacing were evident for QMD, although piece sizes were larger and differences between spacing were lower. The immediate increase of average tree size caused by tree selection explained most of the differences in QMD between thinned and unthinned plots. Thinning to a common target BA resulted in similar standing volume across spacings. Cumulative gross yield was similar between spacings <2.1 m for both unthinned/thinned stands and decreased for thinned plots for wider spacings. Greater net volume production in thinned stands with the narrower spacings confirmed that mortality was captured. Lower gross and net production for wider spacings suggested that thinning resulted in under-utilized growing space.

scholarly journals Impact of initial spacing and precommercial thinning on jack pine tree growth and stem quality

2005 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 418-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q J Tong ◽  
S Y Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Commercial Thinning ◽  
Dbh Distribution ◽  
Stem Quality ◽  
Initial Spacing ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this paper was to investigate the impact of initial spacing and pre-commercial thinning (PCT) on tree growth, characteristics and stem quality in plantation-grown jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) after 58 years of growth. Four spacings including three initial spacings without PCT treatment, i.e., 1.52 × 1.52 m (5 × 5 ft), 2.13 × 2.13 m (7 × 7 ft) and 2.74 × 2.74 m (9 × 9 ft) and one initial spacing with PCT treatment (5 × 5 ft thinned to 7 × 7 ft at age 14), were chosen to analyze diameter at breast height (DBH) distribution, survival, and various tree and stem quality characteristics (e.g., DBH, total tree height, stem volume, crown size, branch, taper, sweep and wobbling). Tree mortality during the first 25 growth years was quite low for all four spacings, while after 25 years, survival for the four spacings rapidly declined. The decrease in survival for spacing 5 × 5 was the steepest, followed by spacings 7 × 7, 9 × 9 and finally the PCT-treated stand. DBH distributions for all four spacings were significantly different from each other, and five years after PCT, the 5 × 5 to 7 × 7 spacings had a similar DBH distribution to that of the constant 7 × 7 spacing. Mean DBHs differed significantly among the initial spacings. The 5 × 5 spacing produced significantly smaller trees than did the other three spacings through the years, and the 9 × 9 spacing produced significantly larger trees. PCT had positive effects on DBH growth, and yielded longer merchantable stems and better stem quality. PCT had little effect on crown development. Initial spacing significantly affected diameter growth, crown width and branch development, commercial stem length and volume, stem taper and stem deformation. Narrower spacing produced smaller but better quality stems. Spacing 7 × 7 had the worst stem quality in terms of overall sweep and wave-like transversal deformation (wobbling). A narrow initial spacing followed by a PCT treatment may provide a compromise solution for both tree growth and stem quality. Key words: Initial spacing, thinning, survival, tree growth, stem quality

Snow Damage to Branches of Young Red Pine Stands Related to Plantation Density

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel G. Neary ◽  
Maurice W. Day ◽  
G. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Snow Depth ◽  
Mechanical Injury ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Snow Damage ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Insect Attack ◽  
Northern Michigan ◽  
Plantation Density

Snow damage was measured in a 9-year-old northern Michigan red pine (Pinusresinosa) plantation following three severe winters. Snow related injury was usually in the form of complete branch breakage or partially severed lateral branches. Densities of 2000 trees/ha suffered three to four times more damage as those with 500 trees/ha.Injury was primarily concentrated at about 75 cm above the ground, a height reflecting snow depth. This corresponded to the location of the fourth whorl where branch injury was twice as extensive in plots with 1000, 1500, and 2000 trees/ha as those with 500 or 750 trees/ha.Although few trees have as yet died from this snow damage, many have been severely weakened and are thus predisposed to insect attack, disease infestation, and further mechanical injury.

scholarly journals The effects of initial spacing on growth and crown development for planted northern conifers: 37-year results

1994 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. McClain ◽  
D. M. Morris ◽  
S. C. Hills ◽  
L. J. Buse
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Initial Spacing ◽  
Benefit Cost

A spacing trial was established near Thunder Bay, Ontario in 1950. This trial consisted of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss.), and red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) each established at three different spacings: 1.8 m, 2.7 m, and 3.6 m. This study examines the differences in growth and crown development as attributed to initial spacing, after 37 years. In addition, a benefit/cost analysis was performed to evaluate the economic efficiency of the various species/spacing combinations. Diameter at breast height, live crown length, and crown width, all exhibited significant (P < 0.001) increases as initial spacing increased, irrespective of species, but, height demonstrated a decreasing trend (P < 0.020). Gross total and merchantable stem volume per tree increased for all species as initial spacing increased; however, volume production per unit area decreased significantly for all species as spacing increased. The shift to higher-valued products from the wider-spaced plantations appeared to provide the best economic return. As a result of both greater merchantable volumes and greater percentages of these volumes available as a higher-valued product, benefit/cost ratios for red pine (0.995 to 1.337) were greater than those for the spruces (0.595 to 0.866). Although red pine currently represents less than 4% of Ontario's total regeneration effort, the results from this study suggest it deserves further consideration on some boreal sites. Key words: spacing trial, plantation growth, crown development, black spruce, white spruce, red pine, benefit/cost ratio

The effects of initial spacing on wood density, fibre and pulp properties in jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.)

Holzforschung ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 455-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyu-Young Kang ◽  
Shu Y. Zhang ◽  
Shawn D. Mansfield
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Fibre Properties ◽  
Commercial Thinning ◽  
Initial Spacing ◽  
Pulp Properties ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Relationships between basic tree and wood properties, and species, seed source, geographic location, site conditions and management decisions are very complex. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of forest management practices on wood density, fibre and pulp properties in jack pine, one of the most important commercial species in Northern America. A better understanding of the relationship between initial spacing and wood and end-product quality should help define improved forest management strategies required to produce quality wood and products in the future. On the basis of the oldest jack pine initial spacing trial established in 1941 by the USDA Forest Service, this study examined the impact of four different initial spacing trials on tree growth, wood density, fibre and pulp properties of jack pine. The results clearly show that initial stand spacing has a significant effect on all of these properties, and thus it is possible to improve yield and wood and pulp fibre properties of jack pine through stand density regulation. Additionally, a positive effect of pre-commercial thinning on fibre properties was also demonstrated. As a consequence of these results, basic prescription information for decision-making in the establishment of jack pine plantations with desirable pulp properties can be elucidated.

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