Changes in Gill Adenosinetriphosphatase Activity Associated with Parr–Smolt Transformation in Steelhead Trout, Coho, and Spring Chinook Salmon

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Zaugg ◽  
L. R. McLain
Keyword(s):  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Similar Increase ◽  
Activity Increase ◽  
Fish Hatchery ◽  
Transport Atpase

The average Na+- and K+-stimulated adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) activity of microsomes from gills of hatchery-reared coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) increased from about 12 μmoles ATP hydrolyzed/mg protein per hr during February through mid-April to approximately 24 in mid-May. Larger fish developed higher activities than smaller fish. Hatchery-reared spring chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) exhibited a similar increase 2–3 weeks earlier.In 2-year-old hatchery-reared steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri), Na+-, K+-ATPase activities were elevated in some, but not all, smolt-appearing animals. Parr-appearing fish, including maturing males, showed no activity increase. When held in fresh water to July, steelhead smolts lost their silvery color and became more parr-like in appearance, and the previously elevated ATPase activity decreased to near pre-smolt levels. Yearling steelhead held at the laboratory showed a more consistent rise in ATPase activity.The increase in transport ATPase (Na+-, K+-stimulated) activity occurring during parr–smolt transformation is probably a preparatory step for saltwater adaption and may also be closely associated with migratory disposition.L'activité moyenne de l'adénosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) stimulée par Na+ et K+ dans les microsomes des branchies de saumons coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) élevés en pisciculture augmente de 12 μmoles environ d'ATPase hydrolysée/mg de protéine par h de février à la mi-avril à 24 à la mi-mai. Les gros poissons développent une activité plus grande que les petits. Les saumons chinook de printemps (O. tshawytscha) élevés en pisciculture font preuve d'un accroissement semblable deux à trois semaines avant les saumons coho.

Relation of Water Temperature to Flexibacter columnaris Infection in Steelhead Trout (Salmo gairdneri), Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Chinook (O. tshawytscha) Salmon

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 1553-1559 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Holt ◽  
J. E. Sanders ◽  
J. L. Zinn ◽  
J. L. Fryer ◽  
K. S. Pilcher
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Contact Method ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Time To Death

The effect of water temperature upon mortality from experimental infection by Flexibacter columnaris and on mean time to death was investigated in juvenile steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Eight temperatures increasing from 3.9 to 23.3 C (39 to 74 F) by increments of 2.8 C (5 F) were studied. Fish were infected by the direct contact method whereby a suspension of the pathogen was added to the water. It was found that at temperatures of 9.4 C (49 F) and below, no deaths due to the experimental infection with F. columnaris occurred. At 12.2 C (54 F) mortality varied from 4 to 20% among the three species, and increased progressively with increasing temperature to 100% in steelhead trout and coho salmon at 20.5 C (69 F), and 70% in chinook salmon at that temperature. With all three salmonid species, an inverse linear relationship was found between water temperature and the log10 of the mean number of days from exposure to death. This means that as the temperature increased above 12.2 C (54 F), the disease process was progressively accelerated, resulting in a minimum time to death at 20.5 or 23.3 C (69 or 74 F) and a maximum at 12.2 C (54 F). The results indicate that under the conditions of these experiments, columnaris disease in salmonids was completely suppressed by water temperatures of 9.4 C (49 F) or below.

Relation of Water Temperature to Infections of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Chinook Salmon (O. tshawytscha), and Steelhead Trout (Salmo gairdneri) with Aeromonas salmonicida and A. hydrophila

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Groberg Jr. ◽  
R. H. McCoy ◽  
K. S. Pilcher ◽  
J. L. Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Steelhead Trout

Juvenile steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and spring chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) were infected by intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection with Aeromonas salmonicida or A. hydrophila at seven temperatures from 3.9 to 20.5 °C. At 3.9 and 6.7 °C, mortality in fish infected with A. salmonicida varied from 2 to 26% among the three salmonid species. At 20.5 °C 93–100% of these animals died within 2 or 3 days; at 6.7 °C or lower the fish survived for 12–23 days. Growth of A. salmonicida in vitro was influenced by temperature in a manner very similar to its influence on the in vivo infection. Comparable experiments with A. hydrophila gave results much like those with A. salmonicida, though some differences were noted. At a temperature of 20.5 °C percent mortality ranged from 64 to 100%. At 9.4 °C or below no deaths attributed to A. hydrophila occurred. Fatally infected fish died more rapidly at the higher temperatures. Key words: Aeromonas salmonicida, A. hydrophila, water temperature, furunculosis, motile aeromonas septicemia, coho salmon, chinook salmon, steelhead trout

Phoma herbarum, a Fungal Plant Saprophyte, as a Fish Pathogen

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 1648-1652 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Ross ◽  
W. T. Yasutake ◽  
Steve Leek
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Fish Pathogen ◽  
Experimental Infections ◽  
Phoma Herbarum ◽  
Low Incidence

Phoma herbarum, a fungal plant saprophyte, was isolated from diseased hatchery-reared coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). The disease was observed at 10 national fish hatcheries in Washington and Oregon, but the low incidence of experimental infections indicate that it is only weakly contagious. Histopathological examination suggests that the air bladder is one of the primary organs infected. The visceral organs are also affected in both natural and experimental infections.

Some Physiological Aspects of Sublethal Heat Stress in the Juvenile Steelhead Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 831-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Wedemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Temperature Increase ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Acid Base Equilibrium

A rapid (3 min) but sublethal temperature increase from 10 to 20 imposed a greater stress on juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) than on juvenile steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri). Both species suffered hyperglycemia, hypocholesterolemia, increased blood hemoglobin, and decreased blood sugar regulatory precision, but the steelhead recovered more quickly. Acid–base equilibrium was essentially unaffected, and only the coho suffered any significant interrenal vitamin C depletion. Vitamin C normalization required about 24 hr.

Ceratomyxa shasta Noble, 1950 (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) present in the Fraser River system of British Columbia

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 1991-1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
River System ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Steelhead Trout

An examination of 220 chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), 84 coho salmon (O. kisutch), 145 steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri), and 21 cutthroat trout (S. clarki) for Ceratomyxa shasta (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) from 16 localities in the Fraser River drainage, British Columbia, showed that at all sites examined these salmonid species were infected, with a prevalence ranging between 11 and 100%. The study concludes that C. shasta, the causative agent of the salmonid disease ceratomyxosis, is widely distributed in the Fraser drainage basin and discusses these results in relation to proposed fish culture in the region.

Endohelminths of salmonids from two localities in eastern Lake Michigan, with emphasis on Echinorhynchus salmonis

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1604-1607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick M. Muzzall
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Salvelinus Namaycush ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta

Adult salmonids (101 chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; 7 coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch; 56 lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush; 6 steelhead, Salmo gairdneri; and 2 brown trout, Salmo trutta) were collected from eastern Lake Michigan (Ludington and Manistee, Michigan) in July–September 1986, and examined for helminths. Eight species (three Cestoda, three Nematoda, two Acanthocephala) were found in the digestive tract and other viscera. Echinorhynchus salmonis and Eubothrium salvelini were the most common helminths found. The intensity of E. salmonis significantly increased as chinook salmon became older and longer.

Relation of Water Temperature to Bacterial Kidney Disease in Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Sockeye Salmon (O. nerka), and Steelhead Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Sanders ◽  
K. S. Pilcher ◽  
J. L. Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Causative Organism ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Bacterial Kidney Disease ◽  
Percent Mortality ◽  
Disease Agent

Juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), sockeye salmon (O. nerka), and steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) were infected by intraperitoneal injection of a suspension of the causative organism of bacterial kidney disease at seven experimental temperatures from 3.9 to 20.5 °C. In coho salmon and steelhead trout percent mortality was maximal (78–100%) in the range of 6.7–12.2 °C. As the temperature increased above 12.2 °C mortality declined progressively; at 20.5 °C it was only 8–14%. The two highest temperatures had some suppressing effect on the disease, which was greatest at 20.5 °C. In sockeye salmon this was not apparent, as percent mortality was essentially 100% at all temperatures from 6.7 to 20.5 °C; this species appeared to be highly susceptible to the disease agent. Temperature also influenced the mean number of days between infection and death. This interval was shortest in all three species of salmonids at the higher temperatures, varying from 21 to 34 days at 15.0–20.5 °C. It increased progressively as temperature decreased below this range; at 6.7 °C it varied from 60 to 71 days among the three species. Key words: bacterial kidney disease, temperature, salmonids, Corynebacterium, coho salmon, sockeye salmon, steelhead trout

Sustained Exercise Increases Plasma Growth Hormone Concentrations in Two Anadromous Salmonids

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 747-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce A. Barrett ◽  
Brian A. McKeown
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Plasma Growth Hormone ◽  
Plasma Gh

Sustained exercise for 24 h at 1.5 body lengths per second (bl/s) resulted in a severalfold increase in the plasma growth hormone (GH) concentration of steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Peak levels occurred 10 min postexercise and returned to basal levels within 4 h of exercise termination. GH levels exhibited a steady increase after the fourth hour of exercise and peaked at 24 h. Individuals exercised for 48 h did not exceed plasma GH levels of the 24-h peak.

Role of Off-Channel Ponds in the Life Cycle of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Other Juvenile Salmonids in the Coldwater River, British Columbia

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Swales ◽  
C. D. Levings
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
River Population ◽  
Main Species ◽  
Main River ◽  
Density And Biomass

Off-channel ponds in the upper reaches of the Coldwater River, British Columbia, were major rearing areas for juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri), and Dolly Varden char (Salvelinus malma) were generally scarce in the ponds, although they were numerous in the main river. Coho salmon were predominant at "natural" river sites while steelhead trout was the main species at sites with "rip-rap" bank stabilization. Catches of juvenile coho were much lower in the main river than in the ponds where they were the main species, and were more variable in the river. Population density and biomass estimates of juvenile coho in the ponds ranged from 0.100 fish∙m−2 and 1.00 g∙m−2 to 1.00 fish∙m−2 and 5.15 g∙m−2, compared with density estimates of 0.08–0.23 fish∙m−2 in the river. The coho population in the ponds consisted of 0+ and 1+ age-groups in similar proportions, while in the main river the 0+ age-group was much more abundant. The growth rate of coho in the ponds was faster than in the main river, with pond fish reaching mean lengths of 62–79 mm at the end of the first growing season, compared with 53 mm in the main river. Smolt outmigration from the main study pond occurred in late spring with peak outmigration in May and June coinciding with peak river discharge and increasing water temperatures in the main river and pond.

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