Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) and Goldfish (Carassius auratus) as Standard Fish in Bioassays and Their Reaction to Potential Reference Toxicants

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira R. Adelman ◽  
Lloyd L. Smith Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Complete Life Cycle ◽  
Reference Toxicant

Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and goldfish (Carassius auratus) were compared for their suitability as standard bioassay fish. Both species showed the same variability of bioassay results when tested with four toxicants. Fathead minnows are recommended on the basis of their small size and on their capability for use in complete life cycle tests.On the basis of minimum variability of bioassay results, sodium chloride was superior for use as a reference toxicant. Both sodium chloride and pentachlorophenol seemed capable of detecting abnormal fish. On the basis of seven listed criteria either sodium chloride or pentachlorophenol would be acceptable as a reference toxicant.

Acute Toxicity of Sodium Chloride, Pentachlorophenol, Guthion®, and Hexavalent Chromium to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) and Goldfish (Carassius auratus)

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira R. Adelman ◽  
Lloyd L. Smith Jr. ◽  
Gary D. Siesennop
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Hexavalent Chromium ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Significant Difference

The 96-h LC50’s for sodium chloride were 7650 and 7341 mg/liter, for pentachlorophenol 0.21 and 0.22 mg/liter, for Guthion® 1.9 and 2.4 mg/liter, and for hexavalent chromium 48 and 120 mg/liter, for fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and goldfish (Carassius auratus), respectively. Threshold LC50’s were reached in 6 days for sodium chloride (7650 and 7322 mg/liter for fathead minnows and goldfish, respectively), and pentachlorophenol (0.21 and 0.21 mg/liter), but were not attained in 11 days (termination of testing) with Guthion® (0.76 and 0.80 mg/liter) and hexavalent chromium (18 and 33 mg/liter). With pentachlorophenol and Guthion® goldfish were initially more resistant, but by termination there was no significant difference in LC50’s between the two species. With hexavalent chromium the goldfish were more resistant throughout the 11-day test, and with sodium chloride goldfish were initially more resistant but at attainment of a threshold LC50 were less resistant. Use of toxicity curves for assessment of acute mortality permits interpretation not possible in 96-h tests where LC50’s are computed at 24-h intervals.

Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Carbaryl (Sevin) on Survival, Growth, and Reproduction of the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas)

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 583-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Fathead Minnow ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Motile Sperm ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Toxicant Concentration ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

When fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to five concentrations (0.008–0.68 mg/liter) of the insecticide carbaryl for 9 months and throughout a life cycle, the highest concentration prevented reproduction and decreased survival. At the high concentration, testes contained motile sperm and ovaries were in a flaccid condition and appeared to be in a resorptive state. At the 0.68 mg/liter concentration, carbaryl appeared to contribute to mortality of larvae (produced by unexposed parents) within 30 days of hatching. Survival of young grown in the 0.008 mg/liter concentration was reduced. Since no demonstrable effects were noted for survival, growth, or reproduction at the 0.017, 0.062, and 0.21 mg/liter concentrations, this low survival value is considered not due to carbaryl. The 96-hr median tolerance concentration (TL 50) and the lethal threshold concentration (LTC) for 2-month-old fathead minnows were 9.0 mg/liter. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for fathead minnows exposed to carbaryl in water with a hardness of 45.2 mg/liter and a pH of 7.5 lies between 0.21 and 0.68 mg/liter. The application factors (MATC/96-hr TL50 and MATC/LTC) both lie between 0.023 and 0.075.

EVALUATION OF THE REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS OF TAMOXIFEN CITRATE IN PARTIAL AND FULL LIFE-CYCLE STUDIES USING FATHEAD MINNOWS (PIMEPHALES PROMELAS)

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim D. Williams ◽  
John E. Caunter ◽  
Adam D. Lillicrap ◽  
Thomas H. Hutchinson ◽  
Edward G. Gillings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Full Life Cycle ◽  
Reproductive Effects ◽  
Tamoxifen Citrate ◽  
Full Life

Influence of Appearance of Prey and Satiation of Predator on Food Selection by Northern Pike (Esox lucius)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Coble
Keyword(s):  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Fathead Minnow ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Northern Pike ◽  
Esox Lucius ◽  
Lepomis Cyanellus ◽  
Pike Esox Lucius ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Green Sunfish

Northern pike (Esox lucius) were put in tanks with fantail and regular-tail goldfish (Carassius auratus) or with goldfish of different colors. Physical appearance of prey did not affect the pike’s feeding. In experiments in plastic pools four species of fish were exposed to predation by northern pike that were satiated or deprived of food for either 2 or 4 weeks. The pike always selected carp (Cyprinus carpio) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) over green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) and bluegill (L. macrochirus).

scholarly journals The life cycle of Myxobolus lentisuturalis (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae), from goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus), involves a Raabeia-type actinospore

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Caffara ◽  
Elena Raimondi ◽  
Daniela Florio ◽  
Federica Marcer ◽  
Francesco Quaglio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus

Responses of Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) During Life-Cycle Exposures to Pulp Mill Effluents at Four Long-Term Receiving Water Study Sites

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis L Borton ◽  
Diana L Cook ◽  
W Kenneth Bradley ◽  
Raymond E Philbeck ◽  
Monique G Dubé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluents ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Receiving Water

scholarly journals Fathead minnow exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of metformin for one life cycle show no adverse effects

FACETS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 998-1023
Author(s):  
Joanne L. Parrott ◽  
Grazina Pacepavicius ◽  
Kallie Shires ◽  
Stacey Clarence ◽  
Hufsa Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Gonad Maturation ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Liver Size ◽  
Lowering Drug

Metformin is a glucose-lowering drug taken for diabetes. It is excreted by humans in urine and detected in municipal wastewater effluents and rivers. Fathead minnows ( Pimephales promelas) were exposed over a life cycle to measured concentrations of metformin: 3.0, 31, and 322 μg/L. No significant changes were observed in survival, maturation, growth, condition factor, or liver size. Relative ovary size of females exposed to 322 μg/L metformin was significantly larger than controls. There was no induction of vitellogenin in plasma of minnows, and gonad maturation was not statistically different from controls. The start of breeding was delayed by 9–10 d in the mid- and high metformin treatments (statistically significant only in the mid-concentration), but numbers and quality of eggs were not statistically different from controls. There were no effects of metformin on survival or growth of offspring. Exposure to metformin at environmentally relevant concentrations (i.e., 3.0 and 31 μg/L metformin) caused no adverse effects in fathead minnows exposed for a life cycle, with the exception of a delay in time to first breeding (that did not impact overall egg production). The results of the study are important to help understand whether metformin concentrations in rivers and lakes can harm fishes.

Clinical and Physiologic Effects of Sodium Chloride Baths in Goldfish (Carassius auratus)

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 586-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Burgdorf-Moisuk ◽  
Mark A. Mitchell ◽  
Megan Watson
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus

Use of NaCl as a Reference Toxicant for Goldfish, Carassius auratus

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Threader ◽  
A. H. Houston
Keyword(s):  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Individual Sensitivity ◽  
Lethal Effects ◽  
Intermediate Range ◽  
Related Variation ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Reference Toxicant

The 240-h NaCl LC50 for goldfish, Carassius auratus, was estimated as 201.1 (SE 6.7) mmol∙L−1, a concentration well in excess of one recently published value, but consistent with earlier observations on the tolerance of this species for hypersaline conditions. Evidence for operation of several lethal effects that vary in intensity with time, the absence of a well-defined relationship between dose and mortality within an intermediate range of lethal NaCl concentrations, and the strong likelihood of size-related variation in individual sensitivity to NaCl suggest that NaCl is an inappropriate reference toxicant for use in static bioassays involving this species.Key words: NaCl, goldfish, toxicity

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