Biochemical Genetic Stock Identification of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in Southern British Columbia and Puget Sound

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 1474-1483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry D. Beacham ◽  
Ruth E. Withler ◽  
Allan P. Gould
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Genetic Stock ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Allelic Frequencies ◽  
Genetic Stock Identification ◽  
Duplicated Loci

We used electrophoresis to examine genetic variability at 12 loci for 4 even-year broodline stocks and at 14 loci for 21 odd-year broodline stocks of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in southern British Columbia and Puget Sound. Allelic frequencies were most heterogeneous between the two pink salmon broodlines, but within the odd-year broodline, Fraser River, Canadian non-Fraser, and Puget Sound pink salmon had significantly different allelic frequencies at some loci. Canadian non-Fraser River stocks had the greatest heterogeneity of allelic frequencies within a region, whereas the Fraser River stocks had the least amount of heterogeneity. There was no significant two-locus linkage disequilibrium for the pink salmon stocks surveyed. Cluster analyses by allelic frequencies indicated that Fraser River, Canadian non-Fraser, and Puget Sound stocks were reasonably distinctive. We used differences in genotypic frequencies at 11 loci (3 were duplicated loci) to estimate stock composition of these three groups of pink salmon in mixtures in which the true compositions were known, and we were able to compare the accuracy and precision of our estimates with respect to mixture size and stock composition. We estimated that 100% of pink salmon sampled in a test fishery in Thompson Sound were of Canadian non-Fraser origin.

Transplantation of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) into Masset inlet, British Columbia, in the Barren Years

1938 ◽  
Vol 4a (2) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
River Fishery

In 1931, 1933, 1935, odd-numbered years, when no natural runs of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) occur in the Masset area, British Columbia, transfers of eggs were made from the Tlell river on the east coast of Graham island to McClinton creek, a tributary of Masset inlet. The following free-swimming fry were released: from the 1931 experiment—753,646 normal and 124,002 "marked" by the removal of the adipose and left ventral fins, and from that of 1935—397,657 normal and 108,200 "marked" by the removal of the adipose and right ventral fins. From the former, 40 "marked" adults were recovered in the Fraser river fishery in 1933, and from the latter four "marked" adults at McClinton creek in 1937. In the 1933 experiment 540,294 eyed eggs were planted but these were destroyed by freshets the following winter. Possible reasons for the failure of these experiments and the absolute blank in the "off" years are suggested.

Meristic and morphometric variation in pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in southern British Columbia and Puget Sound

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 366-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry D. Beacham
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Morphometric Variation ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Local Water ◽  
Gill Raker

Variation in the number of gill rakers and four morphometric characters was examined for 4 stocks from the even-year brood line and 20 stocks from the odd-year brood line of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in southern British Columbia and Puget Sound. Significant differences in gill-raker frequencies were observed among stocks within each brood line, but differences were greater between the brood lines than within each brood line. Sizes of the morphometric characters standardized to a body length of 419 mm were also variable among stocks within a brood line, but stocks spawning in rivers in the same region in alternate years were more similar morphometrically than to those spawning in different regions. It is suggested that patterns of meristic and morphometric variability are reflective of genetic differences, with meristic variability illustrating the genetic differences between the brood lines, and morphometric variability reflecting adaptation to local water velocity conditions in the streams the stocks return to during spawning.

Critical Swimming Speed of Fraser and Thompson River Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Williams ◽  
J. R. Brett
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Critical Swimming Speed ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
River Fish

Critical swimming speeds were determined for male and female pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) captured from the Fraser and Thompson rivers and Seton Creek, British Columbia. The fish were categorized into two basic groups. Lower river fish were captured from the Fraser River at Fort Langley and Yale, and up-river fish were captured from the Thompson River at the Canyon and at Ashcroft and from Seton Creek near Lillooet, British Columbia. The critical swimming speeds of males and females in various stages of maturation were compared. In general, the up-river fish were stronger swimmers than the lower river fish. Gravid fish were stronger swimmers than spawning fish, which in turn were stronger swimmers than fish which were spawned out. Standardized critical swimming speeds ranged from a mean of 1.73 ± 0.35 (SE) body lengths/s for spawned females up to 3.39 ± 0.48 lengths/s for up-river gravid males.

Genetic Changes in Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Following Their Introduction Into the Great Lakes

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Gharrett ◽  
M. A. Thomason
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Major Step ◽  
River Population ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Allelic Frequencies

Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) previously thought to require salt water for completion of their life cycle, have been firmly established in the Great Lakes following an accidental introduction into Lake Superior. We compare allelic frequencies at 27 protein-coding loci from collections of pink salmon from the Great Lakes with those from the anadromous population (Lakelse River, British Columbia) from which they were derived. Although the allelic frequencies in the Great Lakes collections are consistent with a single introduction, the frequencies observed in these collections differ substantially from those of the Lakelse River population. Alleles of G3p-1 and Ck-1, rarely observed (frequency < 0.005) in British Columbia population, are present in Great Lakes pink salmon at frequencies between 0.06 and 0.27. Smaller changes were observed at 11 other loci; 14 loci were monomorphic in all collections. Loss of variability in the Great Lakes was reflected by a decrease in average number of alleles per locus. Selection for physiologically tolerant phenotypes may have been necessary to establish this unique, self-perpetuating, freshwater population. The biochemical genetic changes we observed, however, can be adequately explained by genetic drift resulting from bottlenecks occurring at the first and at subsequent generations. Any decreases in survival resulting from freshwater intolerance would have exacerbated the bottlenecks. This adaptively distinct lineage produced by the ecological change coupled with the bottlenecks may be a major step toward speciation.

Heterozygosity and morphological variability of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) from southern British Columbia and Puget Sound

1985 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 571-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry D. Beacham ◽  
Ruth E. Withler
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Meristic Characters ◽  
Morphometric Variation ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Mahalanobis Distances ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha

We compared variability in gill raker number and four morphometric characters with heterozygosity at enzymatic loci within and among populations of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in southern British Columbia and Puget Sound. Among individuals, there was no relationship between levels of heterozygosity at eight electrophoretic loci and degree of meristic or morphometric variation. Decreased phenotypic variance was not associated with increased heterozygosity. Among populations of pink salmon, increased levels of average heterozygosity were not associated with decreased phenotypic variation. Our results do not support the hypothesis that more heterozygous individuals are less phenotypically variable than more homozygous ones as a result of genetic homeostasis and a canalisation of morphology during development. Genetic distances between pairs of pink populations were significantly correlated with pairwise Mahalanobis distances derived from meristic characters (gill rakers) and less strongly correlated with distances derived from morphometric characters. Pink salmon are morphometrically adapted to the natal stream environment, whereas biochemical and meristic characters in these populations may be less affected differentially by local selective forces.Key words: salmon, electromorphs, homeostasis, genetic variability, heterozygosity.

Fertilization of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Ova by Spermatozoa from Gonadotropin-Injected Juveniles

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward M. Donaldson ◽  
James D. Funk ◽  
F. C. Withler ◽  
R. B. Morley
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Testicular Development ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Early Maturation ◽  
Two Stages

Sexual maturation in male pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) from Jones Creek, a tributary of the Fraser River, British Columbia, was accelerated by intraperitoneal injections of partially purified chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) gonadotropin. The treated pinks produced milt 1 year earlier than normal. Milt from these fish was compared with milt from wild Lower Babine River pinks with respect to its ability to fertilize the ova of Lower Babine River females. There were no marked differences in proportions of ova fertilized, in survival to hatching, or in numbers of deformed larvae. Densities of sperm in the milt from treated males ranged from 0.15 × 109 to 7.35 × 109 per ml; sperm densities in the milt from wild males ranged from 19.3 × 109 to 38.6 × 109 per ml. Two stages in testicular development were identified among the treated males and found to be directly related to the success of fertilization. The significance of induced early maturation in attempts to establish pink runs in the "off" year rivers is discussed.

Biochemical genetic variation in odd-year pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) from Kamchatka

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 2115-2120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataly V. Varnavskaya ◽  
Terry D. Beacham
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
River Population ◽  
Allelic Frequencies ◽  
Large Geographic Area

Electrophoretic analysis was conducted at 17 loci for eight populations of pink salmon spawning in odd years from the east coast of Kamchatka and one population from the Fraser River drainage in British Columbia. Heterogeneity in allelic frequencies among the Kamchatkan populations was observed at 5 loci (ADA, GPD, MDH-1,2, PGDH, and PGM). Substantial heterogeneity in allelic frequencies was observed between Kamchatkan populations and the Fraser River population. Cluster analysis, based on 5 loci surveyed in previous studies, indicated that pink salmon from the Fraser River and southern British Columbia were distinct from more northerly spawning populations in British Columbia, Alaska, and Kamchatka. The concept of a "fluctuating stock" population structure of pink salmon or random mixing during spawning over a large geographic area was not supported by observed patterns of genetic variation.

Need for Replicated Electrophoretic Analyses in Multiagency Genetic Stock Identification (GSI) Programs: Examples from a Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) GSI Fisheries Study

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1396-1407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce A. White ◽  
James B. Shaklee
Keyword(s):  
Pink Salmon ◽  
The Other ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Stock Identification ◽  
Genetic Stock ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Genetic Stock Identification ◽  
Electrophoretic Data ◽  
Discrepancy Rate ◽  
Reported Data

Genetic stock identification (GSI) studies usually assume that electrophoretic data from different laboratories are accurate, precise, and comparable. We compared the genetic scores from replicate (identical) collections of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) tissues that were analyzed in a "blind" manner by three different laboratories; scores at 15 genetic systems (18 loci) were compared for 1248 fish. The scores from laboratories A and B consistently agreed. Their average discrepancy rate across all loci was 0.21%, which was approximately 18 times lower than the discrepancy rate of laboratory C (3.86%). Laboratory C also reported data with higher numbers of discrepancies (P < 0.01) in their scores of variant genotypes (non-*100/100) than the other two laboratories. Stock composition estimates using maximum likelihood analysis of the data from laboratories A and B differed by approximately 1% by stock group, while those of laboratory C differed by an average of 8% by stock group from the estimates of the other two laboratories. Our findings demonstrate that different laboratories can, but do not always, produce results that are consistent. Because many GSI programs in North America rely on data contributed by several laboratories, we recommend that testing of replicate samples be incorporated into all multiagency GSI studies.

Supplementary Checks on the Scales of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and Chum Salmon (O. keta)

1965 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1477-1489 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Bilton ◽  
W. E. Ricker
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Commercial Fisheries ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Second Year Of Life ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Similar Incidence

Among 159 central British Columbia pink salmon that had been marked by removal of two fins as fry and had been recovered in commercial fisheries after one winter in the sea, the scales of about one-third showed a supplementary or "false" check near the centre of the scale, in addition to the single clear-cut annulus. This evidence from fish of known age confirms the prevailing opinion that such extra checks do not represent annuli, hence that the fish bearing them are in their second year of life rather than their third. Unmarked pink salmon from the same area, and some from southern British Columbia, had a generally similar incidence of supplementary checks. In both marked and unmarked fish the supplementary checks varied in distinctness from faint to quite clear. In a sample of scales of 14 double-fin marked chum salmon which were known to be in their 4th year, all fish had the expected 3 annuli, and 12 fish had a supplementary check inside the first annulus.

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