Genetic Changes in Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Following Their Introduction Into the Great Lakes

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Gharrett ◽  
M. A. Thomason
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Major Step ◽  
River Population ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Allelic Frequencies

Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) previously thought to require salt water for completion of their life cycle, have been firmly established in the Great Lakes following an accidental introduction into Lake Superior. We compare allelic frequencies at 27 protein-coding loci from collections of pink salmon from the Great Lakes with those from the anadromous population (Lakelse River, British Columbia) from which they were derived. Although the allelic frequencies in the Great Lakes collections are consistent with a single introduction, the frequencies observed in these collections differ substantially from those of the Lakelse River population. Alleles of G3p-1 and Ck-1, rarely observed (frequency < 0.005) in British Columbia population, are present in Great Lakes pink salmon at frequencies between 0.06 and 0.27. Smaller changes were observed at 11 other loci; 14 loci were monomorphic in all collections. Loss of variability in the Great Lakes was reflected by a decrease in average number of alleles per locus. Selection for physiologically tolerant phenotypes may have been necessary to establish this unique, self-perpetuating, freshwater population. The biochemical genetic changes we observed, however, can be adequately explained by genetic drift resulting from bottlenecks occurring at the first and at subsequent generations. Any decreases in survival resulting from freshwater intolerance would have exacerbated the bottlenecks. This adaptively distinct lineage produced by the ecological change coupled with the bottlenecks may be a major step toward speciation.

Epizootics of thyroid hyperplasia in Lake Superior and Lake Erie pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum))

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 2676-2687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas B. Noltie ◽  
John F. Leatherland ◽  
Miles H. A. Keenleyside
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Lake Erie ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Thyroid Hyperplasia

All Lake Superior and Lake Erie pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum)) collected exhibited thyroid hyperplasia. Samples from British Columbia, however, were unaffected. In fish from Lake Superior, lesion sizes increased through a graded series and were correlated with increased body size. In contrast, almost all Lake Erie fish exhibited extreme hyperplasia regardless of body size. Pink salmon lesion histopathology differed markedly from that shown by Great Lakes coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)) and chinook (Oncorhynchus ishawytscha (Walbaum)) salmon. Among Great Lakes populations, males and females were equally afflicted. Greater proportions of females entered their spawning streams with immature gonads in Lake Erie, where fish exhibited larger lesions. Indications are that males showed poorer secondary sexual character development there as well. Gonad weights in Lake Erie males were proportionally smaller than in Lake Superior males, and liver weights in Lake Superior fish were smaller than in British Columbia specimens. Thyroid hormone levels and lesion sizes were negatively correlated, providing evidence of hypothyroidism. These findings warn of potential water quality problems in Lake Superior, and suggest a useful means of assessing the goitrogenic potential of Great Lakes systems. Despite its negative effects, however, thyroid hyperplasia has not prevented the increase of pink salmon numbers and distribution in the Great Lakes.

Biochemical genetic variation in odd-year pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) from Kamchatka

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 2115-2120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataly V. Varnavskaya ◽  
Terry D. Beacham
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
River Population ◽  
Allelic Frequencies ◽  
Large Geographic Area

Electrophoretic analysis was conducted at 17 loci for eight populations of pink salmon spawning in odd years from the east coast of Kamchatka and one population from the Fraser River drainage in British Columbia. Heterogeneity in allelic frequencies among the Kamchatkan populations was observed at 5 loci (ADA, GPD, MDH-1,2, PGDH, and PGM). Substantial heterogeneity in allelic frequencies was observed between Kamchatkan populations and the Fraser River population. Cluster analysis, based on 5 loci surveyed in previous studies, indicated that pink salmon from the Fraser River and southern British Columbia were distinct from more northerly spawning populations in British Columbia, Alaska, and Kamchatka. The concept of a "fluctuating stock" population structure of pink salmon or random mixing during spawning over a large geographic area was not supported by observed patterns of genetic variation.

Biochemical Genetic Stock Identification of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in Southern British Columbia and Puget Sound

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 1474-1483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry D. Beacham ◽  
Ruth E. Withler ◽  
Allan P. Gould
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Genetic Stock ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Allelic Frequencies ◽  
Genetic Stock Identification ◽  
Duplicated Loci

We used electrophoresis to examine genetic variability at 12 loci for 4 even-year broodline stocks and at 14 loci for 21 odd-year broodline stocks of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in southern British Columbia and Puget Sound. Allelic frequencies were most heterogeneous between the two pink salmon broodlines, but within the odd-year broodline, Fraser River, Canadian non-Fraser, and Puget Sound pink salmon had significantly different allelic frequencies at some loci. Canadian non-Fraser River stocks had the greatest heterogeneity of allelic frequencies within a region, whereas the Fraser River stocks had the least amount of heterogeneity. There was no significant two-locus linkage disequilibrium for the pink salmon stocks surveyed. Cluster analyses by allelic frequencies indicated that Fraser River, Canadian non-Fraser, and Puget Sound stocks were reasonably distinctive. We used differences in genotypic frequencies at 11 loci (3 were duplicated loci) to estimate stock composition of these three groups of pink salmon in mixtures in which the true compositions were known, and we were able to compare the accuracy and precision of our estimates with respect to mixture size and stock composition. We estimated that 100% of pink salmon sampled in a test fishery in Thompson Sound were of Canadian non-Fraser origin.

Supplementary Checks on the Scales of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and Chum Salmon (O. keta)

1965 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1477-1489 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Bilton ◽  
W. E. Ricker
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Commercial Fisheries ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Second Year Of Life ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Similar Incidence

Among 159 central British Columbia pink salmon that had been marked by removal of two fins as fry and had been recovered in commercial fisheries after one winter in the sea, the scales of about one-third showed a supplementary or "false" check near the centre of the scale, in addition to the single clear-cut annulus. This evidence from fish of known age confirms the prevailing opinion that such extra checks do not represent annuli, hence that the fish bearing them are in their second year of life rather than their third. Unmarked pink salmon from the same area, and some from southern British Columbia, had a generally similar incidence of supplementary checks. In both marked and unmarked fish the supplementary checks varied in distinctness from faint to quite clear. In a sample of scales of 14 double-fin marked chum salmon which were known to be in their 4th year, all fish had the expected 3 annuli, and 12 fish had a supplementary check inside the first annulus.

Orientation of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) During Early Marine Migration from Bella Coola River System

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 2321-2338 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Healey
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
River System ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Marine Migration ◽  
Bella Coola

During May and June 1966, the migration of pink salmon fry from the Bella Coola River was studied in Burke Channel, British Columbia. The movement of pink fry down Burke Channel was saltatory. Short periods of active migration were interspersed with longer periods when the fry did not migrate and accumulated in bays. Fry were sampled from these accumulations and their ability to orient using celestial cues was examined. During the early morning, fry tended to prefer directions at right angles to their direction of migration, but at other times of the day preferred the direction of migration. The preference for the direction of migration was strongest at midday. Fry were better oriented on clear days than on cloudy days. These data indicate that fry may use celestial cues to find directions during their oceanic migrations.

Statistical Evaluation of a Large-Scale Fishing Experiment Designed to Test for a Genetic Effect of Size-Selective Fishing on British Columbia Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 1294-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murdoch K. McAllister ◽  
Randall M. Peterman ◽  
Darren M. Gillis
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Genetic Effect ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Block Designs ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha

Since 1950, stocks of British Columbia pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) have shown up to a 34% decrease in mean adult body weight, causing significant reduction in economic value of commercial harvests. Previous research suggests that this trend is due to size-selective harvesting of large fish, but changes in oceanographic conditions are a plausible alternative. Corrective action by management agencies requires that the true causal mechanism be identified. We therefore examined several possible designs for a large-scale fishing experiment devised to test the size-selective fishing hypothesis. These designs would generate accurate and precise field estimates of the heritability (h2) of growth rate, which is important because it, in combination with the selection differential (D) caused by fishing, determines how rapidly body size changes. Monte Carlo simulations showed that block designs with three to six spatial replicates and relatively short durations generated high statistical power. For example, for h2 = 0.22, D = 0.25 kg, and four spatial replicates, an 8-yr experiment resulted in power = 0.87, which gave a SE < 0.10 for h2 = 0.22. We conclude that some experimental designs have good potential to test the possible effects of size-selective fishing on mean adult size of British Columbia pink salmon.

Daily Patterns of Feeding Behavior, Daily Rations, and Diets of Juvenile Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in Two Marine Bays of British Columbia

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Guy J. Godin
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Littoral Zone ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Harpacticoid Copepods ◽  
Additional Support

Stomach analyses showed that pink salmon fry fed mainly during daylight hours in the littoral zone of Departure Bay and Hammond Bay, British Columbia, in May. Although the diurnal feeding patterns of the fish differed slightly between the two bays, maximum mean prey biomass in the fishes' stomachs occurred near or at dusk in both bays. Daily rations consumed by Departure Bay and Hammond Bay fish were estimated to be 13.1 and 6.6% of their dry body weight, respectively. The fry consumed similar prey items in both bays, but in differing proportions. Harpacticoid copepods, copepod nauplii, and barnacle larvae comprised numerically 93.1 and 86.2% of the diets of Departure Bay and Hammond Bay fish, respectively. About 38% of the diet of Departure Bay fish and 51% of the diet of Hammond Bay fish comprised epibenthic prey, mainly harpacticoid copepods. The data provide additional support for the importance of the detritus-microbe-consumer type food chain supporting the production of pink salmon during their early period of marine residency.Key words: pink salmon, feeding behavior, daily rhythm, diet, ration, British Columbia

The metacercaria of Galactosomum phalacrocoracis (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) from pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, from British Columbia waters

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 2235-2238 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Pearson ◽  
L. Margolis ◽  
N. P. Boyce
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha

The metacercaria of Galactosomum phalacrocoracis (Trematoda: Heterophyidae), collected from Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum) from coastal waters of British Columbia, is described.

Evaluation of the Transplant of Pacific Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) from British Columbia to Newfoundland

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 2343-2356 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Lear
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Homing Behavior ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Surface Temperatures

Five transplants of eyed eggs of Pacific pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) were made between streams in southern British Columbia and North Harbour River, Newfoundland. Quantities transplanted were 0.25 million in 1959, 2.5 million in 1962, 3.4 million in 1964, 3.3 million in 1965, and 5.9 million in 1966. Adult returns from these transplants were 1, 49, 638, 8500, and 2426 during 1961, 1964, 1966, 1967, and 1968, respectively. Since 1969, returns have been the progeny of naturally spawning fish and have steadily declined in numbers. The reasons for failure of the transplant are not certain, but possibilities include the following: predation on the fry by brook trout and possibly eels in North Harbour Pond and estuary; unfavorable surface temperatures in the river during the fry run; predation by herring on fry in St. Mary’s Bay; year-class failure of the even-year stocks that were introduced; unsuitability of the donor stocks with respect to migration patterns and homing behavior; inadequate numbers of eggs were transplanted to produce populations required to maintain runs in anything below optimum environmental conditions.

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