Processes and Causes of Lake Acidification during Spring Snowmelt in the West-Central Adirondack Mountains, New York

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 1595-1602 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Galloway ◽  
George R. Hendrey ◽  
Carl L. Schofield ◽  
Norman E. Peters ◽  
Arland H. Johannes
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Strong Acid ◽  
Elevated Concentration ◽  
Adirondack Mountains ◽  
Headwater Lakes ◽  
Strong Acidity ◽  
Woods Lake ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Spring Snowmelt

The surface and outlets of two headwater lakes acidified during the 1978, 1979, and 1980 spring snowmelt periods. The decrease in pH was accompanied by an increase in nitrate whereas the other strong acid anion, SO42−, remained relatively constant. Chemical mass-balance calculations, using data from the Integrated Lake–Watershed Acidification Study, indicate that the peak in acidification observed in the Adirondack Mountains in the spring is caused by (1) a dilution of base cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+) and associated alkalinity by snowmelt, (2) an increase in NO3− concentration in the acidified portion of the lakes, and (3) the constant elevated concentration of SO42−. At Woods Lake, the NO3− that accumulated in the snowpack plus that deposited from the atmosphere during snowmelt was sufficient to account for the increased NO3− in and transported from the lake. At Panther Lake, an additional source of NO3− was needed and was believed to be contributed by nitrification in the upper soil horizons. If atmospheric deposition of sulfur is reduced, low-alkalinity systems like Woods and moderate-alkalinity systems like Panther will be less likely to develop strong acidity during spring acidification.

Hydrology of Two Headwater Lakes in the Adirondack Mountains of New York

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ward W. Staubitz ◽  
Phillip J. Zarriello
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
New York State ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
Adirondack Mountains ◽  
Granitic Gneiss ◽  
Headwater Lakes ◽  
Hydrologic Balance ◽  
Woods Lake ◽  
Total Inflow

Cranberry Pond and Woods Lake are small, acidic headwater lakes in the west-central Adirondack region of New York State. The lakes differ in size and depth but have similar watershed characteristics. Both watersheds contain thin eolian and sandy till deposits overlying granitic gneiss and have limited capacity to store and transmit groundwater. Total lake inflow was calculated as a residual of a monthly hydrologic balance based on measured precipitation, lake outflow, change in lake storage, and estimated evaporation; surface-water and groundwater inflow to each lake also were estimated. Results indicate that the lakes are hydrologically similar and are dominated by surface-water systems with highly variable runoff that responds rapidly to precipitation. Groundwater, which constituted about 16% of the total inflow to Cranberry Pond and from 31 to 38% of the total inflow to Woods Lake in 1984–86, moves through a shallow flow system that provides little stabilizing influence on the hydrology or water chemistry of the lakes. Error analysis of the hydrologic balance indicated that total annual inflow, calculated as a residual of the hydrologic balance, is accurate to within 12%. Calculated monthly inflow values are subject to greater potential error that ranges up to 46%.

Zooplankton Diversity and Biomass in Recently Acidified Lakes

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Confer ◽  
Thomas Kaaret ◽  
Gene E. Likens
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Entire Range ◽  
New York State ◽  
Adirondack Mountains ◽  
White Mountains ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Headwater Lakes ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Mesocyclops Edax

Ten small headwater lakes in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State and 10 in the White Mountains of New Hampshire were examined for possible effects of acidification on zooplankton. The results showed that acidification, or some close correlate, had a significant negative effect on zooplankton diversity and biomass. A loss of 2.4 species of zooplankton and 22.6 mg dry wt/m2 was correlated with each unit decrease in pH. These results, in contrast to some previous work, show a continuous decrease in diversity and biomass over the entire range of pH in the sampled lakes, 4.5–7.2. Cladocera, with the exception of Holopedium and Polyphemus, and Epischura lacustris, Mesocyclops edax, and Cyclops scutifer, were abundant at higher pH values but rare or absent at pH values less than 5. Diaptomus minutus was predominant at pH values less than 5.Key words: acid rain, lakes, Adirondack Mountains, White Mountains, zooplankton, Cladocera, Epischura, Mesocyclops, Cyclops, Diaptomus

Effect of Atmospheric Sulfur on the Composition of Three Adirondack Lakes

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 799-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Galloway ◽  
Carl L. Schofield ◽  
Norman E. Peters ◽  
George R. Hendrey ◽  
Elmar R. Altwicker
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Adirondack Mountains ◽  
Adirondack Lakes ◽  
Atmospheric Sulfur ◽  
Shallow Soils ◽  
Lake Systems

Three watershed–lake systems of the Integrated Lake–Watershed Acidification Study (ILWAS) were investigated to determine the effects of atmospheric deposition on the chemical compositions of oligotrophic lakes in the Adirondack Mountains of New York. Using the principles of watershed mass balance and electroneutrality of solutions, the following conclusions were drawn. (1) Annually, about 90% of the NH4+ and 50% of the NO3− from atmospheric deposition were retained in the systems. (2) In the Woods system, Cl− was in steady state with respect to atmospheric deposition although both Panther and Sagamore systems had net losses, indicating watershed sources of Cl−. (3) The losses of base cations from Panther and Sagamore were substantially greater than from the Woods system, reflecting the shallow soils of the latter. (4) The concentrations of SO42− in the waters of the three systems were controlled by the atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic sulfur; in Woods and Panther, inputs (atmospheric deposition) equalled outputs (discharges from the lake outlets); in Sagamore, outputs exceeded inputs. (5) In 1978–80, concentrations of SO42− were four to five times higher than historical values. These increased concentrations had caused either decreased alkalinities of surface waters or increased concentrations of base cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+) or both. The former directly affects aquatic ecosystems; the latter directly affects terrestrial ecosystems because of increased rates of loss of the nutrients Ca, Mg, and K in the absence of resupply from primary weathering.

Phosphorus cycling in a hardwood forest in the Adirondack Mountains, New York

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yimin Zhang ◽  
Myron J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Adirondack Mountains ◽  
Bulk Precipitation ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Dormant Season ◽  
Spring Snowmelt ◽  
Total P

Total P was monitored at Huntington Forest in the Adirondack Mountains of New York from June 1986 to May 1987. Total P in precipitation from an adjacent open site was compared with throughfall, stemflow, and soil solutions collected from a hardwood stand dominated by American beech (Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh.) and sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.). Total P concentrations in bulk precipitation were very similar throughout the year (4.95 μmol•L−1 in rain versus 4.93 μmol•L−1 in snow). Total P concentration was lower in throughfall than in bulk precipitation, and P in growing season bulk throughfall (1.79 μmol•L−1) was greater than that in the dormant season (1.00 μmol•L−1). Total P concentrations in both throughfall and stemflow were higher under beech than maple. Phosphorus concentrations in soil solutions decreased as water passed through the soil profile. Phosphorus was tightly retained in this ecosystem except for a small loss via drainage water during spring snowmelt.

Soil and Stream Water Chemistry During Spring Snowmelt

1992 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Hendershot ◽  
L. Mendes ◽  
H. Lalande ◽  
F. Courchesne ◽  
S. Savoie
Keyword(s):  
Stream Water ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Stream Chemistry ◽  
Stream Water Chemistry ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Adsorption Desorption ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Spring Snowmelt ◽  
Over Time

In order to determine how water flowpath controls stream chemistry, we studied both soil and stream water during spring snowmelt, 1985. Soil solution concentrations of base cations were relatively constant over time indicating that cation exchange was controlling cation concentrations. Similarly SO4 adsorption-desorption or precipitation-dissolution reactions with the matrix were controlling its concentrations. On the other hand, NO3 appeared to be controlled by uptake by plants or microorganisms or by denitrification since their concentrations in the soil fell abruptly as snowmelt proceeded. Dissolved Al and pH varied vertically in the soil profile and their pattern in the stream indicated clearly the importance of water flowpath on stream chemistry. Although Al increased as pH decreased, the relationship does not appear to be controlled by gibbsite. The best fit of calculated dissolved inorganic Al was obtained using AlOHSO4 with a solubility less than that of pure crystalline jurbanite.

scholarly journals Lockdown, slow down: impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity—an observational study

Open Heart ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e001600
Author(s):  
Joanne Kathryn Taylor ◽  
Haarith Ndiaye ◽  
Matthew Daniels ◽  
Fozia Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
New York ◽  
Heart Association ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Cardiac Devices ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
New York Heart Association ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Uk

AimsIn response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the UK was placed under strict lockdown measures on 23 March 2020. The aim of this study was to quantify the effects on physical activity (PA) levels using data from the prospective Triage-HF Plus Evaluation study.MethodsThis study represents a cohort of adult patients with implanted cardiac devices capable of measuring activity by embedded accelerometery via a remote monitoring platform. Activity data were available for the 4 weeks pre-implementation and post implementation of ‘stay at home’ lockdown measures in the form of ‘minutes active per day’ (min/day).ResultsData were analysed for 311 patients (77.2% men, mean age 68.8, frailty 55.9%. 92.2% established heart failure (HF) diagnosis, of these 51.2% New York Heart Association II), with comorbidities representative of a real-world cohort.Post-lockdown, a significant reduction in median PA equating to 20.8 active min/day was seen. The reduction was uniform with a slightly more pronounced drop in PA for women, but no statistically significant difference with respect to age, body mass index, frailty or device type. Activity dropped in the immediate 2-week period post-lockdown, but steadily returned thereafter. Median activity week 4 weeks post-lockdown remained significantly lower than 4 weeks pre-lockdown (p≤0.001).ConclusionsIn a population of predominantly HF patients with cardiac devices, activity reduced by approximately 20 min active per day in the immediate aftermath of strict COVID-19 lockdown measures.Trial registration numberNCT04177199.

scholarly journals Measuring Historical Urban Neighborhood Sustainability: America’s Grand Avenues

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1358
Author(s):  
Michael R. Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Kansas City ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
Urban Neighborhood ◽  
Industrial Cities ◽  
The Us ◽  
Education Medical ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Us Cities

From 1850 through approximately 1920, wealthy entrepreneurs and elected officials created “grand avenues” lined by mansions in New York City, Chicago, Detroit, and other developing US cities. This paper examines the birthplaces of grand avenues to determine whether they have remained sustainable as magnets for healthy and wealthy people. Using data from the US EPA’s EJSCREEN system and the CDC’s 500 cities study across 11 cities, the research finds that almost every place where a grand avenue began has healthier and wealthier people than their host cities. Ward Parkway in Kansas City and New York’s Fifth Avenue have continued to be grand. Massachusetts Avenue in Washington, D.C., Richmond’s Monument Avenue, St. Charles Avenue in New Orleans, and Los Angeles’s Wilshire Boulevard are national and regional symbols of political power, culture and entertainment, leading to sustainable urban grand avenues, albeit several are challenged by their identification with white supremacy. Among Midwest industrial cities, Chicago’s Prairie Avenue birthplace has been the most successful, whereas the grand avenues of St. Louis, Cleveland, Detroit, and Buffalo have struggled, trying to use higher education, medical care, and entertainment to try to rebirth their once pre-eminent roles in their cities.

Absence of the weekend effect and industry-style portfolios

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-475
Author(s):  
Selma Izadi ◽  
Abdullah Noman
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Structural Break ◽  
Weekend Effect ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Market Portfolio ◽  
The Us ◽  
Using Data

Purpose The existence of the weekend effect has been reported from the 1950s to 1970s in the US stock markets. Recently, Robins and Smith (2016, Critical Finance Review, 5: 417-424) have argued that the weekend effect has disappeared after 1975. Using data on the market portfolio, they document existence of structural break before 1975 and absence of any weekend effects after that date. The purpose of this study is to contribute some new empirical evidences on the weekend effect for the industry-style portfolios in the US stock market using data over 90 years. Design/methodology/approach The authors re-examine persistence or reversal of the weekend effect in the industry portfolios consisting of The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), The American Stock Exchange (AMEX) and The National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations exchange (NASDAQ) stocks using daily returns from 1926 to 2017. Our results confirm varying dates for structural breaks across industrial portfolios. Findings As for the existence of weekend effects, the authors get mixed results for different portfolios. However, the overall findings provide broad support for the absence of weekend effects in most of the industrial portfolios as reported in Robins and Smith (2016). In addition, structural breaks for other weekdays and days of the week effects for other days have also been documented in the paper. Originality/value As far as the authors are aware, this paper is the first research that analyzes weekend effect for the industry-style portfolios in the US stock market using data over 90 years.

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