Evidence for Antifreeze Protein Gene Transfer in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 352-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garth L. Fletcher ◽  
Margaret A. Shears ◽  
Madonna J. King ◽  
Peter L. Davies ◽  
Choy L. Hew
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Antifreeze Protein ◽  
Winter Flounder ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Pseudopleuronectes Americanus ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Antifreeze Polypeptides

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) freeze to death if they come into contact with ice at water temperatures below −0.7 °C. Consequently, sea-pen culture of this species in cold water is severely limited. Winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) survive in ice-laden seawater by producing a set of antifreeze polypeptides (AFP). We are attempting to make the Atlantic salmon more freeze resistant by transferring antifreeze protein genes from the winter flounder to the genome of the salmon. Salmon eggs were microinjected with linearized DNA after fertilization. Individual fingerlings (1–2 g) were analyzed for flounder AFP genes by genomic Southern blotting. DNA from 2 out of 30 fingerlings showed hybridization to the flounder DNA probe. Hybridization bands following cleavage by restriction enzymes Sst l and Bam HI were identical to those of the injected DNA. Hybridization following Hind III digestion indicated that the flounder AFP gene was linked to the salmon genome. These hybridization signals were absent in the DNA from control fish. The intensity of the hybridization signals indicated that there was on average at least one copy of the AFP gene present per cell.

The effect of porcine somatotropin on growth, and survival in seawater of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Komourdjian ◽  
R. L. Saunders ◽  
J. C. Fenwick
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Growth Hormone Treatment ◽  
Hormone Treatment ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Porcine Somatotropin

The effects of porcine growth hormone on growth and salinity tolerance were studied in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr. Fish were held in freshwater at 11.5 °C during June and July under a photoperiod with light to dark periods opposite to the prevailing natural conditions. Fish treated with 1.0 μg/g body weight of growth hormone preparation on alternate days were significantly longer (P <.05), after 4 weeks, than placebo-injected controls. All hormone-injected fish survived transfer to seawater, 30‰ salinity. But under the same conditions, placebo-injected control fish showed a high mortality rate. Growth-hormone treatment caused a darkening of fin margins and a yellowing of the operculae and fin surfaces. The silvering which normally accompanies smoltification was not observed. The role of growth hormone in eliciting these actions and its possible role in the parr–smolt transformation are discussed.

Combatting cold-water vibriosis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) with oxolinic acid: a case report

Aquaculture ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 103 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 213-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svein Olaf Hustvedt ◽  
Ragnar Salte ◽  
Vidar Vassvik
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Oxolinic Acid ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Effects of Diet or Liming on Steroid Hormone Metabolism and Reproduction in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Held in an Acidic River

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 2422-2430 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Sangalang ◽  
H. C. Freeman ◽  
J. F. Uthe ◽  
L. S. Sperry
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Hormone Metabolism ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Acidic River

Attempts to avert the impacts of an acidic river environment on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were carried out in 1985 and 1986. Salmon were held in the Westfield River (pH 4.7–5.2) and the nearby Medway River (pH 5.3–5.6) during their sexual maturation. A diet containing 3% NaCl was fed to the Westfield salmon in 1985. Marble chips were used to elevate the pH of Westfield River water in 1986. Fish fed the salt diet had higher peak levels of plasma sex hormones, higher fecundity, greater incidence of spawners, lower egg mortality, and less weight loss than fish fed a commercial trout diet. The reproductive performance of fish held in limed water (pH 5.1–5.9) almost attained the level observed in the Medway (control) fish. Limestone treatment stimulated early peaking of blood androgen levels, testosterone, and 11-ketotestosterone in Westfield males, and 17α, 20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, a follicular mediator of gonadotropin, in a few Westfield females. The head kidneys produced more cortisol and corticosterone in all Westfield fish in both years compared to Medway fish. The results suggest that neither dietary salt nor liming completely prevented the decline of reproductive performance and the alteration of steroid hormone metabolism in salmon.

Effects of Thyroid Hormones on Behavior of Yearling Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 1787-1790 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-G. Godin ◽  
P. A. Dill ◽  
D. E. Drury
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Swimming Activity ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Swimming activity, aggressive behavior, and upstream orientation of yearling Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) treated with 6.43 × 10−11 M thyroxine were significantly lower than those of control fish injected with solvent alone. Two concentrations of triiodothyronine (7.43 × 10−11 M; 7.43 × 10−10 M) caused similar but less pronounced effects.Because similar behavioral modifications accompany smolt migration, we hypothesize that thyroid hormones may play a role in arousing migratory tendencies in Atlantic salmon.

A Polymorphism in the Ribosomal RNA Genes Distinguishes Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) from North America and Europe

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1655-1661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Cutler ◽  
Sylvia E. Bartlett ◽  
Sheila E. Hartley ◽  
William S. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Genetic Marker ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Breeding Populations

There is good evidence to suggest that Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from North America and Europe form distinct breeding populations. However, it has been very difficult to discover a genetic marker that allows the continent of origin of an individual salmon to be determined unambiguously. Repetitive elements in the nuclear genome have provided population-specific markers in several species. Therefore, we examined the ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) complex in Atlantic salmon by Southern blot analysis using a cloned repeating unit of the Drosophila melanogaster rDNA as a probe. A restriction fragment length polymorphism that could distinguish between salmon from Newfoundland and Scotland was detected using a combination of the restriction enzymes SacI and XbaI. The Newfoundland salmon had additional fragments of 3.6 kilobase pairs (kbp) and 2.6 kbp. Of 27 salmon from 10 populations in Europe, none possessed the 3.6- or the 2.6-kbp fragment whereas all 33 North American Atlantic salmon (from six populations) had the 2.6-kbp band and the majority showed the 3.6-kbp fragment. This preliminary survey strongly suggests that this genetic marker can be used to identify the continent of origin of individual Atlantic salmon.

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